Influence of the type of fuel used on the content of gamma radionuclides in the soot from the smoke ducts of the home furnaces
Marcin Stobiński
AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Energy and FuelsKrakow, Poland
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Jun 25, 2024
About this article
Article Category: Original Paper
Published Online: Jun 25, 2024
Page range: 93 - 97
Received: Dec 04, 2023
Accepted: Feb 26, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2024-0013
Keywords
© 2024 Marcin Stobiński, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Results of the spectrometric measurements with uncertainty
| No. | Density (G·cm−3) | 137Cs (Bq·kg−1) | 40K (Bq·kg−1) | 228Th (Bq·kg−1) | 226Ra (Bq·kg−1) | 210Pb (Bq·kg−1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.53 | 14.33 ± 0.52 | 671 ± 24 | MDA | 15.6 ± 2.6 | 411.9 ± 5.8 |
| 3 | 0.30 | 5.12 ± 0.76 | 323 ± 39 | 15.8 ± 7.5 | 17.9 ± 4.6 | 467.3 ± 9.5 |
| 4 | 1.32 | MDA | LLD | MDA | 15.2 ± 1.6 | 111.0 ± 15.0 |
| 5 | 0.40 | 16.30 ± 1.10 | LLD | 30.6 ± 9.3 | 35.6 ± 4.7 | 395.0 ± 44.0 |
| 7 | 0.76 | MDA | MDA | MDA | MDA | 52.0 ± 16.0 |
| 8 | 0.30 | 3.42 ± 0.68 | 72 ± 35 | 17.4 ± 9.8 | 26.8 ± 4.5 | 376.6 ± 8.3 |
| 9 | 0.54 | 18.75 ± 0.59 | 180 ± 22 | MDA | MDA | 225.7 ± 5.3 |
| 10 | 0.48 | 68.12 ± 0.96 | 400 ± 26 | 20.9 ± 6.5 | 30.4 ± 3.1 | 649.9 ± 7.7 |
| 12 | 0.68 | MDA | 122 ± 17 | 36.5 ± 6.0 | 32.8 ± 2.3 | 1098.7 ± 7.3 |
| 13 | 0.16 | MDA | MDA | 36.0 ± 19.0 | 74.1 ± 8.9 | 663.0 ± 16.0 |
| 14 | 0.48 | LLD | LLD | 47.5 ± 8.6 | 83.9 ± 3.3 | 576.0 ± 7.4 |
| 15 | 0.47 | MDA | 93 ± 22 | 41.3 ± 8.1 | 61.9 ± 3.1 | 392.5 ± 5.8 |
| 17 | 0.56 | 28.86 ± 0.64 | 650 ± 24 | 10.9 ± 8.5 | 12.6 ± 2.6 | 402.0 ± 6.0 |
| 20 | 0.48 | 22.50 ± 0.56 | 372 ± 23 | 15.6 ± 6.2 | 26.9 ± 2.9 | 248.6 ± 5.1 |
| 22 | 0.48 | 17.17 ± 0.64 | 797 ± 28 | 11.2 ± 7.9 | 14.8 ± 3.0 | 428.2 ± 6.9 |
Detailed description of the fuels used on the basis of user testimony
| Furnace no. | Description and additional information |
|---|---|
| 1 | Mixed wood |
| 3 | Coal + wood + carton |
| 4 | Eco-pea coal (in bulk) |
| 5 | Eco-pea coal (mine “Piast”) + beech wood |
| 7 | Plywood and chipboard (shiny and extremely |
| hard soot) | |
| 8 | Coal (mine “Piast”) |
| 9 | Hard firewood |
| 10 | Wood pellet (from “Zator”) |
| 12 | Eco-pea coal (it created a lot of slag) |
| 13 | Eco-pea coal (bagged) |
| 14 | Eco-pea coal (mine “Piast Ruch 2”) |
| 15 | Eco-pea coal |
| 17 | Construction timber + firewood hardwood |
| 20 | Beech + aspen wood |
| 22 | Mixed wood + cardboard |
Basic statistical parameters of the obtained results and the value of minimum detectable activity (MDA)
| Minimum | Maximum | Average | Standard deviation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Density (g·cm−3) | 0.16 | 1.32 | 0.53 | 0.11 |
| 137Cs (Bq·kg−1) | MDA (<1.5) | 68.1 | 13.6 | 1.6 |
| 40K (Bq·kg−1) | MDA (<23.7) | 796.7 | 260.6 | 103 |
| 228Th (Bq·kg−1) | MDA (<0.88) | 47.5 | 20.2 | 9.5 |
| 226Ra (Bq·kg−1) | MDA (<1.3) | 83.9 | 30.7 | 6.9 |
| 210Pb (Bq·kg−1) | MDA (<5.4) | 1098.7 | 433.2 | 6.4 |
Eigenvalues and percentage of the variance described in principal component analysis
| Component no. | Eigenvalue | Percent of variance | Cumulative percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.79 | 46.58 | 46.58 |
| 2 | 1.61 | 26.96 | 73.54 |
| 3 | 0.66 | 11.11 | 84.65 |
| 4 | 0.53 | 8.91 | 93.56 |
| 5 | 0.32 | 5.40 | 98.97 |
| 6 | 0.06 | 1.02 | 100.00 |