Open Access

Future directions of professional photographers: A case study of changing hats between journalism and humanitarian photography


Cite

Associated Press. (2023). Visuals. Code of Ethics for Photojournalists. Retrieved May 24, 2022, from www.ap.org/about/news-values-and-principles/telling-the-story/visuals Associated Press 2023 Visuals. Code of Ethics for Photojournalists Retrieved May 24, 2022, from www.ap.org/about/news-values-and-principles/telling-the-story/visuals Search in Google Scholar

Atarah, L. (2012, March 5). Freelancers take on giant publisher. The Union of Journalists in Finland. https://journalistiliitto.fi/en/freelancers-take-on-giant-publisher/ AtarahL. 2012 March 5 Freelancers take on giant publisher The Union of Journalists in Finland https://journalistiliitto.fi/en/freelancers-take-on-giant-publisher/ Search in Google Scholar

Berkowitz, D. (2020). Reporters and their sources. In K. Wahl-Jorgensen, & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies (2nd ed.) (pp. 165–179). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315167497 BerkowitzD. 2020 Reporters and their sources In Wahl-JorgensenK. HanitzschT. (Eds.), The handbook of journalism studies 2nd ed. 165 179 Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315167497 Search in Google Scholar

Calain, P. (2013). Ethics and images of suffering bodies in humanitarian medicine. Social Science & Medicine, 98, 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.06.027 CalainP. 2013 Ethics and images of suffering bodies in humanitarian medicine Social Science & Medicine 98 278 285 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.06.027 Search in Google Scholar

Carlson, M. (2009). The reality of a fake image: News norms, photojournalistic craft and Brian Walski's fabricated photograph, Journalism Practice, 3(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802681140 CarlsonM. 2009 The reality of a fake image: News norms, photojournalistic craft and Brian Walski's fabricated photograph Journalism Practice 3 2 125 139 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802681140 Search in Google Scholar

Chouliaraki, L. (2010). Post-humanitarianism: Humanitarian communication beyond a politics of pity. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(2), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877909356720 ChouliarakiL. 2010 Post-humanitarianism: Humanitarian communication beyond a politics of pity International Journal of Cultural Studies 13 2 107 126 https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877909356720 Search in Google Scholar

Chouliaraki, L., & Vestergaard, A. (2021). Routledge handbook of humanitarian communication. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315363493 ChouliarakiL. VestergaardA. 2021 Routledge handbook of humanitarian communication Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315363493 Search in Google Scholar

Chouliaraki, L. (2013). The ironic spectator: Solidarity in the age of post-humanitarianism. Polity Press. ChouliarakiL. 2013 The ironic spectator: Solidarity in the age of post-humanitarianism Polity Press Search in Google Scholar

Concord. (2012). Code of conduct on images and messages 2006. European NGO confederation for relief and development. https://concordeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/DEEEP-BOOK-2014-113.pdf Concord 2012 Code of conduct on images and messages 2006 European NGO confederation for relief and development https://concordeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/DEEEP-BOOK-2014-113.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Cottle, S., & Nolan, D. (2007). Global humanitarianism and the changing aid-media field: “Everyone was dying for footage.” Journalism Studies, 8(6), 862–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701556104 CottleS. NolanD. 2007 Global humanitarianism and the changing aid-media field: “Everyone was dying for footage.” Journalism Studies 8 6 862 878 https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701556104 Search in Google Scholar

Dencik, L., & Allan, S. (2017). In/visible conflicts: NGOs and the visual politics of humanitarian photography. Media, Culture & Society, 39(8), 1178–1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726865 DencikL. AllanS. 2017 In/visible conflicts: NGOs and the visual politics of humanitarian photography Media, Culture & Society 39 8 1178 1193 https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726865 Search in Google Scholar

Dóchas. (2021). The illustrated guide to the Dóchas code of conduct on images and messages. www.dochas.ie/resources/communications-pe/code-of-conduct-on-images-and-messages/ Dóchas 2021 The illustrated guide to the Dóchas code of conduct on images and messages www.dochas.ie/resources/communications-pe/code-of-conduct-on-images-and-messages/ Search in Google Scholar

Dogra, N. (2007). ‘Reading NGOs visually’ – Implications of visual images for NGO management. Journal of International Development, 19(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1307 DograN. 2007 ‘Reading NGOs visually’ – Implications of visual images for NGO management Journal of International Development 19 2 161 171 https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1307 Search in Google Scholar

Fehrenbach, H., & Rodogno, D. (Eds.). (2015a). Humanitarian photography: A history. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107587694 FehrenbachH. RodognoD. (Eds.). 2015a Humanitarian photography: A history Cambridge University Press https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107587694 Search in Google Scholar

Fehrenbach, H., & Rodogno, D. (2015b). ‘A horrific photo of a drowned Syrian child’: Humanitarian photography and NGO media strategies in historical perspective. International Review of the Red Cross, 97(900), 1121–1155. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383116000369 FehrenbachH. RodognoD. 2015b ‘A horrific photo of a drowned Syrian child’: Humanitarian photography and NGO media strategies in historical perspective International Review of the Red Cross 97 900 1121 1155 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383116000369 Search in Google Scholar

Ferrucci, P., Taylor, R., & Alaimo, K. (2020). On the boundaries: Professional photojournalists navigating identity in an age of technological democratization. Digital Journalism, 8(3), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1732830 FerrucciP. TaylorR. AlaimoK. 2020 On the boundaries: Professional photojournalists navigating identity in an age of technological democratization Digital Journalism 8 3 367 385 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1732830 Search in Google Scholar

Gürsel, Z. D. (2016). Image brokers: Visualizing world news in the age of digital circulation. University of California Press. GürselZ. D. 2016 Image brokers: Visualizing world news in the age of digital circulation University of California Press Search in Google Scholar

Gynnild, A., Nilsson, M., Simonsen, A. H., & Weselius, H. (Eds.). (2017). Introduction: Photojournalism and editorial processes. Nordicom Review, 32(S2). https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0410 GynnildA. NilssonM. SimonsenA. H. WeseliusH. (Eds.). 2017 Introduction: Photojournalism and editorial processes Nordicom Review 32 S2 https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0410 Search in Google Scholar

Hadland, A., Campbell, D., & Lambert, P. (2015). State of news photography: Lives and livelihoods of photojournalists in the digital age. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford; World Press Photo. https://www.worldpressphoto.org/getmedia/da4e7234-9f18-4036-8320-9397bf70cd89/The-State-of-News-Photography.pdf HadlandA. CampbellD. LambertP. 2015 State of news photography: Lives and livelihoods of photojournalists in the digital age Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford; World Press Photo https://www.worldpressphoto.org/getmedia/da4e7234-9f18-4036-8320-9397bf70cd89/The-State-of-News-Photography.pdf Search in Google Scholar

ICRC. (2020). The fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement [Flyer]. https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4046-fundamental-principles-international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement ICRC 2020 The fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement [Flyer] https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4046-fundamental-principles-international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement Search in Google Scholar

Joyce, D. (2010) Photography and the image-making of international justice. Law and Humanities, 4(2), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.5235/175214810793153896 JoyceD. 2010 Photography and the image-making of international justice Law and Humanities 4 2 229 249 https://doi.org/10.5235/175214810793153896 Search in Google Scholar

Kotilainen, N. (2016). Visual theaters of suffering: Constituting the Western spectator in the age of the humanitarian world politics. University of Helsinki. KotilainenN. 2016 Visual theaters of suffering: Constituting the Western spectator in the age of the humanitarian world politics University of Helsinki Search in Google Scholar

Lang, S. (2013). NGOs, civil society and the public sphere. Cambridge University Press. LangS. 2013 NGOs, civil society and the public sphere Cambridge University Press Search in Google Scholar

Lehmuskallio, A., Häkkinen, J., & Seppänen, J. (2019). Photorealistic computer-generated images are difficult to distinguish from digital photographs: A case study with professional photographers and photo-editors. Visual Communication, 18(4), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357218759 LehmuskallioA. HäkkinenJ. SeppänenJ. 2019 Photorealistic computer-generated images are difficult to distinguish from digital photographs: A case study with professional photographers and photo-editors Visual Communication 18 4 427 451 https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357218759 Search in Google Scholar

Lowrey, W. (2003). Normative conflict in the newsroom: The case of digital photo manipulation. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 18(2), 123–42. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327728JMME1802_05 LowreyW. 2003 Normative conflict in the newsroom: The case of digital photo manipulation Journal of Mass Media Ethics 18 2 123 42 https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327728JMME1802_05 Search in Google Scholar

Manzo, K. (2008). Imaging humanitarianism: NGO identity and the iconography of childhood. Antipode, 40(4), 632–657. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00627.x ManzoK. 2008 Imaging humanitarianism: NGO identity and the iconography of childhood Antipode 40 4 632 657 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00627.x Search in Google Scholar

Miller, K. C., & Dahmen, N. (2020). “This is still their lives”: Photojournalists’ ethical approach to capturing and publishing graphic or shocking images. Journal of Media Ethics, 35(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2020.1731313 MillerK. C. DahmenN. 2020 “This is still their lives”: Photojournalists’ ethical approach to capturing and publishing graphic or shocking images Journal of Media Ethics 35 1 17 30 https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2020.1731313 Search in Google Scholar

Morse, T. (2014). Covering the dead: Death images in Israeli newspapers’ ethics and praxis. Journalism Studies, 15(1), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.783295 MorseT. 2014 Covering the dead: Death images in Israeli newspapers’ ethics and praxis Journalism Studies 15 1 98 113 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.783295 Search in Google Scholar

Mortensen, T. M. (2014). Blurry and centered or clear and balanced? Citizen photojournalists and professional photojournalists’ understanding of each other's visual values. Journalism Practice, 8(6), 704–725. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.892703 MortensenT. M. 2014 Blurry and centered or clear and balanced? Citizen photojournalists and professional photojournalists’ understanding of each other's visual values Journalism Practice 8 6 704 725 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.892703 Search in Google Scholar

Mäenpää, J. (2022). Distributing ethics: Filtering images of death at three news photo desks. Journalism, 23(10), 2230–2248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884921996308 MäenpääJ. 2022 Distributing ethics: Filtering images of death at three news photo desks Journalism 23 10 2230 2248 https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884921996308 Search in Google Scholar

Mäenpää, J. (2023). Photojournalists as NGO advocates: Balancing between two realities. In D. Lilleker, & A. Veneti (Eds.), Research handbook on visual politics (pp. 381–394). Edward Elgar Publishing. MäenpääJ. 2023 Photojournalists as NGO advocates: Balancing between two realities In LillekerD. VenetiA. (Eds.), Research handbook on visual politics 381 394 Edward Elgar Publishing Search in Google Scholar

Mäenpää, J., & Seppänen, J. (2010). Imaginary darkroom: Digital photo editing as a strategic ritual. Journalism Practice, 4(4), 454–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003760501 MäenpääJ. SeppänenJ. 2010 Imaginary darkroom: Digital photo editing as a strategic ritual Journalism Practice 4 4 454 475 https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003760501 Search in Google Scholar

NGDO-EU Liaison Committee. (1989). Code of conduct: Images and messages relating to the third world. Produced by the General Assembly of the Liaison Committee of Development NGOs to the European Communities. www.imaging-famine.org/papers/CODE_OF_CONDUCT_on%20Images_and_Messages_1989.pdf NGDO-EU Liaison Committee 1989 Code of conduct: Images and messages relating to the third world Produced by the General Assembly of the Liaison Committee of Development NGOs to the European Communities. www.imaging-famine.org/papers/CODE_OF_CONDUCT_on%20Images_and_Messages_1989.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Nissinen, S. (2015). Dilemmas of ethical practice in the production of contemporary humanitarian photography. In H. Fehrenbach, & D. Rodogno (Eds.), Humanitarian photography: A history (pp. 297–318). Cambridge University Press. NissinenS. 2015 Dilemmas of ethical practice in the production of contemporary humanitarian photography In FehrenbachH. RodognoD. (Eds.), Humanitarian photography: A history 297 318 Cambridge University Press Search in Google Scholar

Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847 NowellL. S. NorrisJ. M. WhiteD. E. MoulesN. J. 2017 Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16 1 1 13 https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847 Search in Google Scholar

Powers, M. (2015). Contemporary NGO–journalist relations: Reviewing and evaluating an emergent area of research. Sociology Compass, 9(6), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12267 PowersM. 2015 Contemporary NGO–journalist relations: Reviewing and evaluating an emergent area of research Sociology Compass 9 6 427 437 https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12267 Search in Google Scholar

Powers, M. (2016). The new boots on the ground: NGOs in the changing landscape of international news. Journalism, 17(4), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488491456 PowersM. 2016 The new boots on the ground: NGOs in the changing landscape of international news Journalism 17 4 401 416 https://doi.org/10.1177/146488491456 Search in Google Scholar

Powers, M. (2018). NGOs as newsmakers: The changing landscape of international news. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/powe18492 PowersM. 2018 NGOs as newsmakers: The changing landscape of international news Columbia University Press https://doi.org/10.7312/powe18492 Search in Google Scholar

Radley, A., & Kennedy, M. (1997). Picturing need: Images of overseas aid and interpretations of cultural difference. Culture & Psychology, 3(4), 435–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X9734001 RadleyA. KennedyM. 1997 Picturing need: Images of overseas aid and interpretations of cultural difference Culture & Psychology 3 4 435 460 https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X9734001 Search in Google Scholar

Reaves, S. (1992). What's wrong with this picture? Daily newspaper photo editors’ attitudes and their tolerance toward digital manipulation. Newspaper Research Journal, 13(4), 131. ReavesS. 1992 What's wrong with this picture? Daily newspaper photo editors’ attitudes and their tolerance toward digital manipulation Newspaper Research Journal 13 4 131 Search in Google Scholar

Roscho, B. (1999). Newsmaking. In H. Tumber (Ed.), News: A reader (pp. 32–36). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1975) RoschoB. 1999 Newsmaking In TumberH. (Ed.) News: A reader 32 36 Oxford University Press (Original work published 1975) Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, D. (1992). To tell the truth: Codes of objectivity in photojournalism. Gordon and Breach. SchwartzD. 1992 To tell the truth: Codes of objectivity in photojournalism Gordon and Breach Search in Google Scholar

Scott, M., Wright, K., & Bunce, M. (2021). The politics of humanitarian journalism. In L. Chouliaraki, & A. Vestergaard (Eds.), Routledge handbook of humanitarian communication (pp. 203–219). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315363493-13 ScottM. WrightK. BunceM. 2021 The politics of humanitarian journalism In ChouliarakiL. VestergaardA. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of humanitarian communication 203 219 Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315363493-13 Search in Google Scholar

Shore, R. (2014). Post-photography: The artist with a camera. Laurence King. ShoreR. 2014 Post-photography: The artist with a camera Laurence King Search in Google Scholar

Society of professional journalists. (2014, September 6). SPJ code of ethics. https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp Society of professional journalists 2014 September 6 SPJ code of ethics https://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp Search in Google Scholar

Sontag, S. (2005). On photography (1st electronic ed.). RosettaBooks. (Original work published 1973) SontagS. 2005 On photography 1st electronic ed. RosettaBooks (Original work published 1973) Search in Google Scholar

Thomson, T. J. (2018). Freelance photojournalists and photo editors. Journalism Studies, 19(6), 803–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1215851 ThomsonT. J. 2018 Freelance photojournalists and photo editors Journalism Studies 19 6 803 823 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1215851 Search in Google Scholar

Thrall, A. T., Stecula, D., & Sweet, D. (2014). May we have your attention please? Human-rights NGOs and the problem of global communication. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(2), 135–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213519132 ThrallA. T. SteculaD. SweetD. 2014 May we have your attention please? Human-rights NGOs and the problem of global communication The International Journal of Press/Politics 19 2 135 159 https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213519132 Search in Google Scholar

Waisbord, S. (2011). Can NGOs change the news? International Journal of Communication, 5, 142–165. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/787 WaisbordS. 2011 Can NGOs change the news? International Journal of Communication 5 142 165 https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/787 Search in Google Scholar

Wheeler, T. H. (2002). Phototruth or photofiction? Ethics and media imagery in the digital age. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. WheelerT. H. 2002 Phototruth or photofiction? Ethics and media imagery in the digital age Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Search in Google Scholar

World Press Photo. (2022). 2022 Contest verification process: What counts as manipulation. www.worldpressphoto.org/contest/2022/verification-process/what-counts-as-manipulation World Press Photo 2022 2022 Contest verification process: What counts as manipulation www.worldpressphoto.org/contest/2022/verification-process/what-counts-as-manipulation Search in Google Scholar

Yaschur, C. (2012). Shooting the shooter: How experience level affects photojournalistic coverage of a breaking news event. Visual Communication Quarterly, 19(3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2012.706575 YaschurC. 2012 Shooting the shooter: How experience level affects photojournalistic coverage of a breaking news event Visual Communication Quarterly 19 3 161 177 https://doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2012.706575 Search in Google Scholar

Yle News. (2009, May 13). Pro-copyright demonstration in Helsinki. https://yle.fi/news/3-5251005 Yle News 2009 May 13 Pro-copyright demonstration in Helsinki https://yle.fi/news/3-5251005 Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2001-5119
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
2 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Social Sciences, Communication Science, Mass Communication, Public and Political Communication