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Investigating the steel–cement interface in high-temperature, high-pressure carbon dioxide environments

Ge Zhu
Ge Zhu
   | Mar 21, 2024
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Published Online: Mar 21, 2024
Page range: 57 - 67
Received: Dec 06, 2023
Accepted: Feb 21, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0045
Keywords
© 2023 Ge Zhu, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Binocular photographs and SEM image of N80 steel surface before and after CO2 exposure
Binocular photographs and SEM image of N80 steel surface before and after CO2 exposure

Fig. 2.

Potentiodynamic polarization curves for N80 steel
Potentiodynamic polarization curves for N80 steel

Fig. 3.

SEM image of (A) unexposed and (B) post-exposure cement paste. (C) XRD patterns of cement paste before and after CO2 exposure
SEM image of (A) unexposed and (B) post-exposure cement paste. (C) XRD patterns of cement paste before and after CO2 exposure

Fig. 4.

TGA curves for unexposed and post-exposure cement paste
TGA curves for unexposed and post-exposure cement paste

Fig. 5.

Nano-indentation test results for cement paste
Nano-indentation test results for cement paste

Fig. 6.

Ultrasonic testing results for the steel-cement interface
Ultrasonic testing results for the steel-cement interface

Fig. 7.

(A) SEM image and (B) EDX spectrum of the steel-cement interface after CO2 exposure. (C) potentiodynamic polarization curves at the steel-cement interface
(A) SEM image and (B) EDX spectrum of the steel-cement interface after CO2 exposure. (C) potentiodynamic polarization curves at the steel-cement interface

Fig. 8.

(A) XRD patterns showing corrosion products on N80 steel. (B) FTIR spectra of degraded layers on N80 steel
(A) XRD patterns showing corrosion products on N80 steel. (B) FTIR spectra of degraded layers on N80 steel

Fig. 9.

Micro-Raman spectra of the interface region
Micro-Raman spectra of the interface region

Fig. 10.

Electrochemical parameters of steel at the interface
Electrochemical parameters of steel at the interface

Fig. 11.

ICP-MS results showing ion flux in CO2 environments
ICP-MS results showing ion flux in CO2 environments

Summary of EIS measurements for N80 steel

Sample Rel+b (kΩ/cm2) Qpn, Y0(Ωsn−1){{Y}_{0}}\left(\Omega_{s}^{n-1} \right) n Rpn (kΩ/cm2) Qpn, Y0(Ωsn−1){{Y}_{0}}\left(\Omega_{s}^{n-1} \right) n Rct (kΩ/cm2)
Before CO2 exposure 84.03±3.20 5.78E−09±2.89E−10 0.5708±0.0285 30.24±1.21 1.05E−04±5.25E−06 0.6877±0.0344 355.21±14.21
After CO2 exposure 22.24±0.89 2.53E−09±1.26E−10 0.5541±0.0277 2.99±0.12 1.73E−03±8.65E−05 0.8153±0.0408 200.40±8.02

Ultrasonic Testing results for the steel-cement interface

Exposure Duration (Months) Acoustic Impedance (MRayl) Velocity of Sound (m/s) Signal Amplitude (dB)
0 (Control) 45.0±4.3 5940±80 −12.5±0.5
1 43.5±3.2 5720±70 −10.4±0.3
2 42.7±1.5 5610±60 −9.7±0.4
3 40.0±3.2 5570±60 −8.5±0.5
4 38.5±2.4 5550±70 −7.2±0.4
5 36.2±2.0 5430±80 −6.5±0.3
6 34.1±1.4 5370±50 −5.9±0.4

ICP-MS results showing ion flux in CO2 environments

Exposure Duration (Months) Iron Concentration (ppm) in Brine Calcium Concentration (ppm) in Brine Silicon Concentration (ppm) in Brine
0 (Control) 0.5±0.08 1.2±0.12 0.8±0.05
1 1.1±0.07 1.8±0.09 1.2±0.08
2 2.0±0.09 2.5±0.30 1.7±0.05
3 3.2±0.12 3.5±0.25 2.3±0.06
4 4.5±0.22 4.8±0.33 3.1±0.07
5 5.9±0.21 6.2±0.51 4.0±0.12
6 7.5±0.43 7.9±0.34 5.2±0.44

Nano-indentation test results for cement paste

Exposure Duration (Months) Hardness (GPa) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Indentation Depth (μ m)
0 (Control) 1.25±0.04 25.0±0.36 2.50±0.04
1 1.15±0.03 23.8±0.65 2.65±0.07
2 1.05±0.07 22.6±0.44 2.80±0.03
3 0.95±0.03 21.4±0.27 2.95±0.08
4 0.85±0.04 20.2±1.03 3.15±0.11
5 0.75±0.05 19.0±0.85 3.30±0.09
6 0.65±0.06 17.8±0.78 3.50±0.14

Electrochemical parameters of steel at the interface

Exposure Duration (Months) Corrosion Potential (mV, SCE) Corrosion Current Density (μA/cm2) Polarization Résistance (kΩ/cm2)
0 (Control) −453±13 0.5±0.03 20±0.4
1 −472±11 0.8±0.04 18±0.6
2 −497±10 1.2±0.03 16±0.7
3 −514±7 1.6±0.04 13±0.5
4 −532±11 2.1±0.03 10±0.9
5 −553±14 2.7±0.02 8±0.7
6 −572±7 3.4±0.03 5±0.8
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