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Performance of green high-strength concrete incorporating palm oil fuel ash in harsh environments

Abdullah M. Zeyad
Abdullah M. Zeyad
, 
Megat Azmi Megat Johari
Megat Azmi Megat Johari
, 
Ali Aliakbar
Ali Aliakbar
, 
Hassan M. Magbool
Hassan M. Magbool
, 
Taksiah A. Majid
Taksiah A. Majid
 and 
Majed A. A. Aldahdooh
Majed A. A. Aldahdooh
   | Apr 02, 2024
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Published Online: Apr 02, 2024
Page range: 24 - 40
Received: Jan 16, 2024
Accepted: Feb 05, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0042
Keywords
© 2023 Abdullah M. Zeyad et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Sieve analysis curves: (a) fine aggregate; (b) coarse aggregate
Sieve analysis curves: (a) fine aggregate; (b) coarse aggregate

Fig. 2.

The steel bar before and after the cleaning phase
The steel bar before and after the cleaning phase

Fig. 3.

Production of U-POFA
Production of U-POFA

Fig. 4.

IVT procedure: (a) Sample preparation; (b) samples for the IVT; (c) the IVT schematic setup; (d) samples under the IVT
IVT procedure: (a) Sample preparation; (b) samples for the IVT; (c) the IVT schematic setup; (d) samples under the IVT

Fig. 5.

SEM morphology of POFAs: (a) O-POFA; (b) G-POFA; (c) U-POFA
SEM morphology of POFAs: (a) O-POFA; (b) G-POFA; (c) U-POFA

Fig. 6.

Slump results for all mixes
Slump results for all mixes

Fig. 7.

Compressive strength results: (a) strength development with days; (b) the relative strength
Compressive strength results: (a) strength development with days; (b) the relative strength

Fig. 8.

Impressed voltage test results: (a) the initial current of samples; (b) the average steady state currents
Impressed voltage test results: (a) the initial current of samples; (b) the average steady state currents

Fig. 9.

The corrosion current vs time of the specimens at: (a) 7 days; (b) 28 days; (c) 60 days; (d) 90 days
The corrosion current vs time of the specimens at: (a) 7 days; (b) 28 days; (c) 60 days; (d) 90 days

Fig. 10.

Samples after the IVT: (a) OPC; (b) 20UP; (c) 40UP; (d) 60UP
Samples after the IVT: (a) OPC; (b) 20UP; (c) 40UP; (d) 60UP

Fig. 11.

SEM imaging of cement pastes aged 28 days, (a)Cement paste contains 0% U-POFA, (b) Cement paste contains 20% U-POFA, (c) Cement paste contains 40% U-POFA, (d) Cement paste contains 60% U-POFA
SEM imaging of cement pastes aged 28 days, (a)Cement paste contains 0% U-POFA, (b) Cement paste contains 20% U-POFA, (c) Cement paste contains 40% U-POFA, (d) Cement paste contains 60% U-POFA

Impressed voltage test results (in hours)

Mix The start–end times of steady state The initial crack time of the samples
Age (Days) 7 28 60 90 7 28 60 90
OPC 40 – 180 40 – 190 35 – 230 20 – 240 176 188 229 236
20UP 40 – 230 30 – 350 10 – 477 5 – 477 234 353 – –
40UP 35 – 245 20 – 477 5 – 477 1 – 477 245 – – –
60UP 25 – 477 15 – 477 1 – 477 0.5 – 477 – – – –

The physical characteristics of POFAs and OPC

Materials OPC O-POFA G-POFA U-POFA
Median particle size (μm) 10.18 16.66 12.35 2.21

Porosity and water absorption results

Mix OPC 20UP 40UP 60UP
Age (days) 7 28 90 7 28 90 7 28 90 7 28 90
Porosity (%) 12.3 10.9 10.1 11.6 9.5 8.7 9.6 9.2 7.4 8.8 7.4 5.4
Water absorption (%) 5.7 4.8 4.2 5.0 4.1 3.7 4.3 4.0 3.2 3.8 3.2 2.3

The concrete mix proportions in kg/m3

Mix Water OPC U-POFA Aggregate SP
Coarse Fine
OPC 154 550 – 933 842 12.1
20UP 154 440 110 933 842 12.1
40UP 154 330 220 933 842 12.1
60UP 154 220 330 933 842 12.1

The chemical compositions of OPC, G-POFA, and U-POFA

Compositions OPC G-POFA U-POFA
SiO2 18.81 45.37 62.08
Al2O3 4.54 5.09 7.09
Fe2O3 3.2 3.76 5.92
CaO 65.77 3.87 5.39
MgO 0.78 3.22 4.24
P2O5 0.08 2.99 3.84
K2O 1.18 4.11 5.57
SO3 3.54 0.23 0.23
TiO2 0.20 0.19 0.27
MnO 0.19 0.06 0.09
Na2O 0.09 0.07 0.10
C 30.60 4.74

Corrosion rate (mm/ year) by mass loss via the IVT

Age (Days) Mix
OPC 20UP 40UP 60UP
7 7.276 3.913 2.425 0.661
28 6.945 1.488 0.717 0.331
60 5.705 1.075 0.524 0.220
90 5.457 0.827 0.441 0.165
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