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Evaluation of the possibility of improving the durability of tools made of X153CrMoV12 steel used in the extrusion of a clay band in ceramic roof tile production

Marek Hawryluk
Marek Hawryluk
, 
Jan Marzec
Jan Marzec
, 
Marzena Lachowicz
Marzena Lachowicz
, 
Piotr Makuła
Piotr Makuła
 and 
Kamila Nowak
Kamila Nowak
   | Jul 31, 2023
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Published Online: Jul 31, 2023
Page range: 94 - 109
Received: Apr 19, 2023
Accepted: Jun 07, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0011
Keywords
© 2023 Marek Hawryluk et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Ceramic roof tile extrusion process – A) schematic diagram of construction of extruder barrels: 1 - vacuum zone, 2 - screw, 3 - pressure head, 4 - forming tool [25], B) main view of extruder, C) process of band forming
Ceramic roof tile extrusion process – A) schematic diagram of construction of extruder barrels: 1 - vacuum zone, 2 - screw, 3 - pressure head, 4 - forming tool [25], B) main view of extruder, C) process of band forming

Fig. 2.

Example of worn tool - A) results of 3D scanning, B) scratches, C) crack
Example of worn tool - A) results of 3D scanning, B) scratches, C) crack

Fig. 3.

Results of hardness measurements of steel after the performed heat treatment variants
Results of hardness measurements of steel after the performed heat treatment variants

Fig. 4.

Examples of damage in the form of cracks to the NC11LV tools forming the clay band
Examples of damage in the form of cracks to the NC11LV tools forming the clay band

Fig. 5.

Results of the ball-on-disc tests for the analyzed materials
Results of the ball-on-disc tests for the analyzed materials

Fig. 6.

Track profiles for the ball-on-disc test: A) sample 960/450, B) sample 1060/450, C) sample 1020/200
Track profiles for the ball-on-disc test: A) sample 960/450, B) sample 1060/450, C) sample 1020/200

Fig. 7.

Friction coefficients in the ball-on-disc test for both analyzed materials
Friction coefficients in the ball-on-disc test for both analyzed materials

Fig. 8.

View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11. sample 960/450 (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state
View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11. sample 960/450 (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state

Fig. 9.

Microscopic SEM image, sample 960/450 (A) with the distribution of: iron (B), chromium (C) and vanadium (D). SEM/EDS
Microscopic SEM image, sample 960/450 (A) with the distribution of: iron (B), chromium (C) and vanadium (D). SEM/EDS

Fig. 10.

View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11LV – sample 1060/450 (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state
View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11LV – sample 1060/450 (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state

Fig. 11.

View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11LV – sample 1020/200, (B) magnified, fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state
View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11LV – sample 1020/200, (B) magnified, fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state

Fig. 12.

View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11LV in the sub-surface area in sample 960/450, (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state
View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11LV in the sub-surface area in sample 960/450, (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state

Fig. 13.

View of (A) microscopy of steel NC11LV in the sub-surface area, sample 1060/450, (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state
View of (A) microscopy of steel NC11LV in the sub-surface area, sample 1060/450, (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state

Fig. 14.

View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11LV in the sub-surface area of sample 1020/200, (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state
View of (A) microstructure of steel NC11LV in the sub-surface area of sample 1020/200, (B) magnified fragment of the area. Light microscopy, etched state

Fig. 15.

Course of a crack developing on the surface. Etched state, SEM – sample 1060/450
Course of a crack developing on the surface. Etched state, SEM – sample 1060/450

Fig. 16.

Spalling of carbides observed in the sub-surface area of steel in state 2. Etched state, SEM, sample 1060/450
Spalling of carbides observed in the sub-surface area of steel in state 2. Etched state, SEM, sample 1060/450

Fig. 17.

A microscopic SEM image, sample 1060/450 (A) together with the distribution of: iron (A), chromium (B) and vanadium (D)
A microscopic SEM image, sample 1060/450 (A) together with the distribution of: iron (A), chromium (B) and vanadium (D)

Fig. 18.

Surface changes of steel NC11LV. Etched state, SEM – sample 1020/200
Surface changes of steel NC11LV. Etched state, SEM – sample 1020/200

Results of the measurement of the track volume in the ball-on-disc test

Parameters Sample 960/450 Sample 1060/450 Sample 1020/200
Track volume 9622503 20987030 3397096
Max. track depth 17.0 21.7 7.46

Parameters of the test samples’ heat treatment

Sample no. Austenitizing temperature [°C] Tempering temperature [°C] Tempering time [h]
960/450 960 450 2
1060/450 1060 450 2
1020/200 1020 200 2

Chemical composition of X153CrMoV12 steel

Steel X153CrMoV12 (NC11LV) – chemical composition [%]
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Al Cu V W
1.59 0.25 0.38 0.012 0.008 11.72 0.88 0.20 0.03 0.06 0.76 0.05

Results of the impact energy of samples with a V-notch

Material Sample no. Test temperature Energy
°C J
NC11LV 960/450 50 3.8
1060/450 50 3.7
1020/200 50 2.8
960/450 200 4.9
1060/450 200 4.6
1020/200 200 3.1
Hardox 600 1 50 21.6
2 200 24.3
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