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Level and Dynamics of Selected Measures of Research and Development Activity in Poland

Jerzy Baruk
Jerzy Baruk
   | Dec 19, 2023
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Article Category: research article
Published Online: Dec 19, 2023
Page range: 43 - 72
Received: Apr 26, 2023
Accepted: Nov 20, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/minib-2023-0022
© 2023 Jerzy Baruk, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

The concept of systemic management of R&D and innovation activities Source: own elaboration.
The concept of systemic management of R&D and innovation activities Source: own elaboration.

Internal expenditures on R&D activities by types of costs and executive sectors in 2018–2021

Executive sectors: Internal expenditures in years:
2018 2019 2020 2021
In PLN million
Total: 25,647.8 30,284.8 32,402.1 37,675.8
Current 20,390.7 24,962.9 27,286.7 31,815.1
Investment 5,257.0 5,321.9 5,115.4 5,860.7
Enterprise sector:
Total 16,950.8 19,030.9 20,359.1 23,769.1
Current 12,577.1 14,914.5 16,775.1 20,036.2
Investment 4,373.8 4,116.4 3,584.0 3,732.9
Government sector:
Total 498.6 384.2 639.1 770.3
Current 455.0 337.1 533.4 619.3
Investment 43.6 47.1 105.7 151.0
Higher education sector:
Total 8,121.7 10,779.4 11,324.4 13,059.0
Current 7,289.1 9,628.6 9,901.2 11,085.0
Investment 832.6 1,150.9 1,423.2 1,974.0
Private non-profit institutions:
Total 76.7 90.3 79.5 77.5
Current 69.6 82.7 77.0 74.6
Investment 7.1 7.5 2.5 2.9

The amount of expenditure on R&D in 2018–2021

Specification Years
2018 2019 2020 2021
Gross domestic expenditures on R+D activities (GERD) in PLN million (current prices) 25,647.8 30,284.8 32,402.1 37,675.8
Ratio of gross domestic capital formation for R&D activities (GERD) to GDP (in %) (intensity index) 1.21 1.32 1.39 1.44
Internal expenditures on R&D activities per one inhabitant in PLN 668 789 849 992
Internal expenditures on R&D activities financed from the rest of the world sector in PLN million 1,804.5 2,134.2 2,325.4 3,079.1
Share of foreign funds in total gross domestic expenditure on R&D activities (in %) 7.0 7.0 7.2 8.2
European Commission funds in PLN million 1,035.7 1,424.5 1,712.3 2,391.8
Share of European Commission funds in gross domestic expenditure on R&D activities (in %) 4.0 4.7 5.3 6.3
Number of entities in R&D activities benefiting from European Commission funds 891 1,031 1,124 1,369
Percentage of entities benefiting from European Commission funds in entities in R&D activities 15.4 17.6 17.6 18.6

Internal expenditures on R&D activities by executive sectors and size classes in 2018–2021

Executive sectors and enterprise-size classes Volume of internal expenditures in years:
2018 2019 2020 2021
In PLN million
Total: 25,647.8 30,284.8 32,402.1 37,675.8
Micro-enterprises 472.5 630.7 746.2 946.1
small 1,796.9 1,937.7 2,259.1 2,901.7
medium-sized 4,636.5 5,232.9 5,060.5 5,907.3
large 18,741.8 22,483.4 24,336.3 27,920.8
Executive sectors:
Enterprise sector in general: 16,950.8 19,030.9 20,359.1 23,769.1
Micro-enterprises-up to 9 employed 443 583.2 707.1 ·
Small from 10 to 49 employed 1,680.5 1,824.2 2,144.9 ·
Medium from 50 to 249 working 3,508.3 3,989.8 3,909.2 ·
Large 250 and more employed 11,319.0 12,633.6 13,597.8 ·
Total government: 498.6 384.2 639.1 770.3
Micro 220.7 · 0.4 ·
Small 223.6 · 54.5 ·
Medium · 102.0 256.8 ·
Large · 242.8 327.4 ·
Total higher education sector: 8,121.7 10,779.4 11,324.4 13,059.0
Micro-enterprises · · 1.2 ·
Small · · 23.5 ·
Medium 892.0 1,127.1 888.6 ·
Large 7,199.2 9,607.0 10,411.1 ·
Total private non-profit institutions: 76.7 90.3 79.5 77.5
Micro-enterprises 28.2 46.0 37.5 ·
Small 33.0 30.2 36.2 ·
Medium 15.5 14.0 5.8 ·
Large – – – ·

Number of entities conducting R&D activities in 2018–2021 in Poland

Specification Years
2018 2019 2020 2021
Total number of economic operators in the industry: 227,914 237,658 239,301 240,648
Total number of entities conducting R&D activities: 5,779 5,863 6,381 7,370
• up to 9 employed 1,325 1,380 1,614 1,875
• from 10 to 49 employed 1,619 1,588 1,760 2,065
• from 50 to 249 employed 1,708 1,719 1,804 2,078
• 250 and more employed 1,127 1,176 1,203 1,352
Percentage share of entities conducting R&D in the total number of business entities in the industry (in %) Structure of entities involved in R+D by size classes (in %): 2.54 2.47 2.67 3.06
• up to 9 employees 22.93 23.54 25.29 25.44
• from 10 to 49 people 28.01 27.08 27.58 28.02
• from 50 to 249 people 29.55 29.32 28.27 28.19
• 250 or more people 19.50 20.06 18.85 18.34

Internal expenditures on R&D activities by type of R&D activity and executive sectors

Executive sectors: Volume of expenditures in years:
2018 2019 2020 2021
In PLN million
Overall: 25,647.8 30,284.8 32,402.1 37,675.8
Basic research 8,346.5 12,146.5 10,769.0 12,084.0
Applied research 3,395.7 4,064.8 5,102.3 5,457.0
Development work 13,905.6 14,073.5 16,530.8 20,134.8
Enterprise sector in general: 16,950.8 19,030.9 20,359.1 23,769.1
Basic research 1,866.6 3,331.9 1,815.7 2,211.9
Applied research 2,189.0 2,669.0 3,264.6 3,513.1
Development work 12,895.3 13,030.0 15,278.7 18,044.0
Government in general: 498.6 384.2 639.1 770.3
Basic research 244.4 198.7 300.2 300.8
Applied research 74.6 73.5 171.8 127.5
Development work 179.6 111.9 167.1 342.0
Higher education sector in general: 8,121.7 10,779.4 11,324.4 13,059.0
Basic research 6,207.2 8,583.1 8,637.2 9,558.9
Applied research 1,102.5 1,297.9 1,632.3 1,789.9
Development work 812.0 898.4 1,055.0 1,710.2
Total private non-profit sector: 76.7 90.3 79.5 77.5
Basic research 28.3 32.8 15.9 12.4
Applied research 29.6 24.4 33.6 26.5
Development work 18.7 33.1 30.0 38.6

R&D staff in 2018–2021 in Poland

Specification Years
2018 2019 2020 2021
B&R internal staff per 1,000 employees 8.1 8.4 8.8 9.3
Number of researchers in internal R&D staff per 1,000 employees 6.1 6.1 6.4 6.8
B&R staff by main groups and size classes in total (persons): 266,283 271,025 283,431 305,563
including:
• internal 203,588 214,823 226,131 249,014
• external 62,695 56,202 57,300 56,549
• up to 9 working in total: 5,979 6,778 9,302 9,101
including:
• internal 3,043 3,806 4,473 5,113
• external 2,936 2,972 4,829 3,988
• from 10 to 49 working in total: 17,086 16,859 20,445 23,647
including:
• internal 13,381 13,627 16,547 19,288
• external 3,705 32,32 3,898 4,359
• from 50 to 249 working in total: 45,785 45,698 44,092 49,817
including:
• internal 35,129 37,516 36,968 41,604
• external 10,656 8,182 7,124 8,213
• 250 and more working in total: 197,433 201,690 209,592 222,998
including:
• internal 152,035 159,874 168,143 183,009
• external 45,398 41,816 41,449 39,989

R&D staff by groups and executive sectors in 2018–2021

Executive sectors Peronel R&D in the years
2018 2019 2020 2021
[in persons]
Overall: 266,283 271,025 283,431 305,563
internal staff 203,588 214,823 226,131 249,014
external staff 62,695 56,202 57,300 56,549
Enterprise sector in general: 113,395 121,210 134,727 155,684
internal staff 98,400 107,785 117,728 137,823
external staff 14,995 13,425 16,999 17,861
Total government: 8,080 6,724 8,813 8,533
internal staff 6,086 5,551 6,329 6,761
external staff 1,994 1,173 2,484 1,772
Total higher education sector: 141,877 140,806 137,996 139,680
internal staff 98,073 100,631 101,449 103,771
external staff 43,804 40,175 36,547 35,909
Total private non-profit sector: 2,931 2,285 1,895 1,666
internal staff 1,029 856 625 659
external staff 1,902 1,429 1,270 1,007
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