Open Access

Flowering Phenology of Shrub Roses as a Sensitive Indicator of Meteorological Variability in Central Europe

Zofia Włodarczyk
Zofia Włodarczyk
, 
Agnieszka Ziernicka-Wojtaszek
Agnieszka Ziernicka-Wojtaszek
, 
Renata Kędzior
Renata Kędzior
 and 
Justyna Mazur
Justyna Mazur
   | Dec 31, 2023
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Published Online: Dec 31, 2023
Page range: 189 - 204
Received: Sep 01, 2023
Accepted: Dec 01, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0038
Keywords
© 2023 Zofia Włodarczyk, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

The course of the flowering of repeat-flowering roses with two flushes of bloomsAB – total flowering duration, CD – full flowering duration in first flush, EF – full flowering duration in second flush, and CD+EF – full flowering duration
The course of the flowering of repeat-flowering roses with two flushes of bloomsAB – total flowering duration, CD – full flowering duration in first flush, EF – full flowering duration in second flush, and CD+EF – full flowering duration

Figure 2.

Average annual air temperature values in Krakow in the years 1981–2019 and average ± SE annual air temperature (black line) and precipitation (grey bars) values in Krakow during the study period (2012–2019)
Average annual air temperature values in Krakow in the years 1981–2019 and average ± SE annual air temperature (black line) and precipitation (grey bars) values in Krakow during the study period (2012–2019)

Figure 3.

Classification of months according to temperature and precipitation in Krakow in the years 2012–2019
Classification of months according to temperature and precipitation in Krakow in the years 2012–2019

Figure 4.

Distribution of mean ± SE flowering durations of 37 rose cultivars during the growing season classified in SIMPER analysis based on an eight years: a – cultivars with dominant FS10, b – cultivars with dominant FS25, c – cultivars with dominant FS50, d – cultivars with dominant FS75, and e – cultivars with dominant FS100
Distribution of mean ± SE flowering durations of 37 rose cultivars during the growing season classified in SIMPER analysis based on an eight years: a – cultivars with dominant FS10, b – cultivars with dominant FS25, c – cultivars with dominant FS50, d – cultivars with dominant FS75, and e – cultivars with dominant FS100

Figure 5.

Mean ± SE duration of rose FSs: FS10, FS25, FS50, FS75, and FS100 based on eight years of observation W – Wald’s statistics; p – significance level
Mean ± SE duration of rose FSs: FS10, FS25, FS50, FS75, and FS100 based on eight years of observation W – Wald’s statistics; p – significance level

Average total flowering duration (as dependent variable) and full flowering duration of cultivar roses and the results of Spearman correlation with meteorological parameters from 2012–2019

Cultivar roses Total flowering duration [days] Full flowering duration [days] Full flowering duration as a percentage of total flowering duration [%] Spearman correlations
Average temperature [°C] Precipitation [mm]
‘Abracadabra’ 96.1 34.1 35.5 0.28* −0.01
‘Clair Matin’ 97.6 31.0 31.8 0.32* −0.05
‘Compassion’ 93.9 37.8 40.3 0.39* 0.00
‘Dirigent’ 92.9 33.6 36.2 0.42* 0.04
‘Eden Rose’ 105.0 53.3 50.8 0.36* 0.00
‘Fisherman’s Friend’ 78.0 21.0 26.9 0.50* 0.01
‘Fred Loads‘ 96.0 41.9 43.6 0.45* 0.03
‘Graham Thomas’ 95.9 25.9 27.0 0.31* 0.02
‘Händel’ 77.3 21.3 27.6 0.40* 0.05
‘Heritage’ 88.6 29.0 32.7 0.42* 0.04
‘Ilse Haberland’ 104.6 43.8 41.9 0.34* 0.00
‘Lichtkönigin Lucia’ 96.6 31.3 32.4 0.34* −0.07
‘Märchenland‘ 74.6 28.1 37.7 0.38* −0.03
‘Morgengrüss’ 69.4 23.0 33.1 0.41* −0.05
‘Mutabilis’ 102.5 36.3 35.4 0.38* −0.01
‘My Choice’ 93.8 21.4 22.8 0.38* −0.03
‘Old Master’ syn. ‘Rozentanz’ 100.1 34.6 34.6 0.38* −0.04
‘Peach Blossom’ 91.8 30.3 33.0 0.39* 0.00
‘Pink Robusta’ 57.5 10.3 17.9 0.40* 0.00
‘Robusta’ 109.5 34.5 31.5 0.44* 0.02
‘Rokoko’ 102.4 36.0 35.2 0.27* −0.05
‘Romance’ 102.5 46.4 45.3 0.37* 0.06
‘Rosarium Uetersen’ 100.9 41.5 41.1 0.33* 0.03
‘Santana’ 81.4 20.6 25.3 0.34* −0.01
‘Schneewittchen’ syn. ‘Iceberg’ 114.5 48.9 42.7 0.39* −0.01
‘Shalom‘ 81.1 28.3 34.9 0.48* 0.00
‘Smooth Prince’ 100.4 37.3 37.2 0.42* 0.05
‘Swan Lake’ 89.4 32.0 35.8 0.43* −0.01
‘Tradition’ 98.3 34.1 34.7 0.44* −0.08
‘Ulmer Münster’ 99.3 50.3 50.7 0.22* −0.05
‘Veilchenblau’ 31.1 20.6 66.2 0.25* −0.09
‘Warwick Castle’ 84.9 27.6 32.5 0.35* −0.01
‘Westerland’ 79.6 25.4 31.9 0.39* −0.09
‘White Cockade’ 81.0 30.4 37.5 0.45* 0.07
‘Wilhelm Hansmann’ syn. ‘Skyrocket’ 99.4 43.4 43.7 0.35* −0.06
‘William Shakespeare’ 95.9 40.9 42.6 0.35* 0.01
‘Zephirine Drouhin’ 80.5 16.3 20.2 0.40* −0.05

Spearman correlation coefficients between all of the analyzed rose flowering stages and meteorological parameters (average temperature and precipitation)

Rose flowering stage Average temperature [°C] Precipitation [mm]
Spearman correlation coefficient p-values Spearman correlation coefficient p-values
FS10 0.31 0.003 −0.02 0.497
FS25 −0.36 0.002 −0.18 0.001
FS50 −0.57 0.0001 −0.11 <0.0001
FS75 −0.56 0.0002 −0.13 <0.0001
FS100 −0.14 0.083 −0.16 <0.0001

SIMPER analysis of differences in rose cultivars (contributing more than 1%) according to five flowering stages (average dissimilarity 73.04%)

Cultivar Flowering stages Av. Diss. Contrib. (%) Cum. (%)
FS10 FS25 FS50 FS75 FS100
‘Ulmer Münster’ 1.30 1.42 1.38 1.21 1.57 3.17 4.34 4.34
‘Rosarium Uetersen’ 1.62 1.93 1.24 0.88 1.36 2.55 3.49 7.83
‘Schneewittchen’ syn. ‘Iceberg’ 2.00 1.69 1.05 1.33 1.79 2.46 3.37 11.20
‘Eden Rose’ 1.32 1.60 1.46 1.64 1.25 2.46 3.37 14.57
‘Robusta’ 2.62 1.51 0.95 0.94 0.96 2.40 3.28 17.85
‘Ilse Haberland’ 1.66 1.80 1.19 1.58 0.75 2.32 3.18 21.03
‘Romance’ 1.36 1.16 1.16 2.00 1.32 2.24 3.07 24.10
‘Mutabilis’ 2.30 1.49 0.92 0.91 1.21 2.24 3.06 27.16
‘Smooth Prince’ 1.87 1.73 1.00 1.15 1.00 2.17 2.97 30.12
‘Wilhelm Hansmann’ syn. ‘Skyrocket’ 1.81 1.49 1.16 1.12 1.32 2.16 2.95 33.08
‘William Shakespeare’ 2.13 1.33 1.16 0.88 1.18 2.13 2.91 35.99
‘Fred Loads’ 1.46 1.29 1.98 1.12 0.79 2.08 2.84 38.83
‘Old Master’ syn. ‘Rozentanz’ 1.98 1.78 0.76 0.79 1.46 2.06 2.82 41.65
‘Swan Lake’ 1.74 1.73 1.08 0.82 0.75 2.05 2.81 44.45
‘Abracadabra’ 1.87 1.78 0.97 0.85 1.00 2.04 2.80 47.25
‘Rokoko’ 2.30 1.53 1.05 1.18 0.71 2.02 2.76 50.02
‘Lichtkönigin Lucia’ 2.32 1.56 0.92 0.88 0.82 2.01 2.76 52.77
‘Tradition’ 2.28 1.40 0.89 0.76 1.25 2.01 2.75 55.52
‘Clair Matin’ 1.85 1.69 0.89 0.73 1.00 2.00 2.74 58.27
‘Graham Thomas’ 1.72 2.29 0.60 0.79 0.86 2.00 2.74 61.01
‘Warwick Castle’ 2.15 1.20 0.78 0.73 0.86 2.00 2.74 63.75
‘Compassion’ 1.91 1.36 0.95 1.15 0.93 1.99 2.72 66.47
‘Dirigent’ 2.30 1.04 0.57 0.82 1.54 1.91 2.62 69.09
‘Heritage’ 1.91 1.69 1.19 0.76 0.43 1.90 2.60 71.69
‘My Choice’ 2.77 1.42 0.70 0.67 0.39 1.86 2.55 74.24
‘Peach Blossom’ 2.17 1.29 0.78 0.70 1.07 1.79 2.45 76.69
‘Zephirine Drouhin’ 2.62 0.98 0.35 0.42 0.64 1.74 2.39 79.07
‘Shalom’ 1.47 1.53 0.97 0.91 0.46 1.73 2.37 81.44
‘Fisherman’s Friend’ 2.11 1.22 0.57 0.70 0.50 1.71 2.33 83.78
‘White Cockade’ 1.96 0.89 0.68 1.06 0.82 1.69 2.31 86.09
‘Märchenland’ 1.49 1.18 0.70 0.88 0.79 1.68 2.30 88.39
‘Santana’ 2.43 1.02 0.49 0.46 0.75 1.64 2.25 90.63
‘Westerland’ 1.79 1.11 0.65 0.70 0.82 1.58 2.16 92.79
‘Morgengrüss’ 1.49 1.18 0.49 0.64 0.86 1.56 2.13 94.92
‘Händel’ 2.13 1.16 0.46 0.79 0.50 1.51 2.06 96.99
‘Pink Robusta’ 1.68 1.02 0.43 0.33 0.04 1.36 1.86 98.85
‘Veilchenblau’ 0.32 0.29 0.38 0.42 1.04 0.84 1.15 100.00
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