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Production of Soybean Plants for Hydroponic Cultivation from Seedling Cuttings in a Medium Containing Rhizobium Inoculum Depending on Various Concentrations of Nutrient Solution and Different Nitrogen Sources

Naoki Hata
Naoki Hata
 and 
Haruko Futamura
Haruko Futamura
   | Nov 06, 2020
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Published Online: Nov 06, 2020
Page range: 71 - 82
Received: Jan 01, 2020
Accepted: Jun 01, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0015
Keywords
© 2020 Naoki Hata et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Overview of a subirrigation system. If the water level in the tray decreases because water is absorbed by plants (1), air enters the plastic bottle through a small hole (2), after which the water level in the bottle decreases as the liquid exits (3), resulting in an increase in the water level in the tray for a depth of about 1 cm (4). After the water level in the tray is restored, air stops entering the bottle and the water level in the bottle stops decreasing
Overview of a subirrigation system. If the water level in the tray decreases because water is absorbed by plants (1), air enters the plastic bottle through a small hole (2), after which the water level in the bottle decreases as the liquid exits (3), resulting in an increase in the water level in the tray for a depth of about 1 cm (4). After the water level in the tray is restored, air stops entering the bottle and the water level in the bottle stops decreasing

Fig. 2

Spatial distribution of adventitious roots and root nodules on an inoculated soybean plant at 3 weeks after cutting. Some of the nodules are indicated with red arrows
Spatial distribution of adventitious roots and root nodules on an inoculated soybean plant at 3 weeks after cutting. Some of the nodules are indicated with red arrows

Fig. 3

Differences in the shoots and roots of the inoculated soybean plants treated with various concentrations of the nitrogen-free nutrient solution. Plants were photographed at 3 weeks after cutting. The control plants at both ends were irrigated with either tap water (0%) or the complete nutrient solution without a Rhizobium inoculant (Cont.)
Differences in the shoots and roots of the inoculated soybean plants treated with various concentrations of the nitrogen-free nutrient solution. Plants were photographed at 3 weeks after cutting. The control plants at both ends were irrigated with either tap water (0%) or the complete nutrient solution without a Rhizobium inoculant (Cont.)

Fig. 4

Effects of the various nitrogen-free nutrient solution concentrations on the main stem length (A), number of trifoliate leaves (B), green leaf color intensity (C), shoot dry weight (D), root dry weight (E), and number of root nodules (F) of the inoculated soybean plants at 3 weeks after cutting. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 10). Different letters above bars represent significant differences as determined with Tukey-Kramer's multiple range test (p < 0.05)
Effects of the various nitrogen-free nutrient solution concentrations on the main stem length (A), number of trifoliate leaves (B), green leaf color intensity (C), shoot dry weight (D), root dry weight (E), and number of root nodules (F) of the inoculated soybean plants at 3 weeks after cutting. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 10). Different letters above bars represent significant differences as determined with Tukey-Kramer's multiple range test (p < 0.05)

Fig. 5

Differences in the shoots and roots of inoculated soybean plants treated with various nitrogen forms and nutrient solution concentrations. Plants were photographed at 3 weeks after cutting. For the three images presenting the effects of different nitrogen forms, the control plants at both ends were same and irrigated with tap water (0%) or the complete nutrient solution without a Rhizobium inoculant (Cont.)
Differences in the shoots and roots of inoculated soybean plants treated with various nitrogen forms and nutrient solution concentrations. Plants were photographed at 3 weeks after cutting. For the three images presenting the effects of different nitrogen forms, the control plants at both ends were same and irrigated with tap water (0%) or the complete nutrient solution without a Rhizobium inoculant (Cont.)

Fig. 6

Effects of the nitrogen form and nutrient solution concentration on the main stem length (A), number of trifoliate leaves (B), green leaf color intensity (C), shoot dry weight (D), root dry weight (E), and number of root nodules (F) of the inoculated soybean plants at 3 weeks after cutting. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 10). Different letters above bars represent significant differences as determined with Tukey-Kramer's multiple range test (p < 0.05)
Effects of the nitrogen form and nutrient solution concentration on the main stem length (A), number of trifoliate leaves (B), green leaf color intensity (C), shoot dry weight (D), root dry weight (E), and number of root nodules (F) of the inoculated soybean plants at 3 weeks after cutting. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 10). Different letters above bars represent significant differences as determined with Tukey-Kramer's multiple range test (p < 0.05)

Composition of standard and modified Enshi nutrient solution with different nitrogen form at a constant total nitrogen of 17.3 mM

Enshi nutrient solutionChemical composition (mM)
Ca(NO3)2KNO3NaNO3NH4ClNH4H2PO4KH2PO4K2SO4CaCl2MgSO4
Standard88001.30002
Modified
  NO3-N 100%86.72.6001.3002
  NH4-N 100%000161.30422
  Urea-N 100%000001.33.3542
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Language:
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