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Belonolaimus longicaudatus management using metam potassium and fluensulfone in potato

Zane J. Grabau
Zane J. Grabau
, 
Chang Liu
Chang Liu
 and 
Pablo A. Navia Gine
Pablo A. Navia Gine
   | Jul 06, 2023
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Article Category: Research Paper
Published Online: Jul 06, 2023
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Received: Mar 23, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0028
Keywords
© 2023 Zane J. Grabau et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Potato plant stand as affected by nematicide application in 2020 and 2021. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Potato plant stand as affected by nematicide application in 2020 and 2021. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 2:

Potato plant vigor and phytotoxicity during production 2020 as affected by nematicide application. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Plant vigor is a visual rating on a 0–100 scale with 100 best. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Potato plant vigor and phytotoxicity during production 2020 as affected by nematicide application. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Plant vigor is a visual rating on a 0–100 scale with 100 best. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 3:

Reduced stand and plant vigor in metam+fluensulfone treatment (right) compared with untreated control (left) at 36 days after planting in 2020.
Reduced stand and plant vigor in metam+fluensulfone treatment (right) compared with untreated control (left) at 36 days after planting in 2020.

Figure 4:

Symptoms of phytotoxicity on emerging potato shoots in treatments with metam potassium alone or in combination with fluensulfone at 36 days after planting in 2020. There is browning at tips of shoots and leaf unfolding is delayed.
Symptoms of phytotoxicity on emerging potato shoots in treatments with metam potassium alone or in combination with fluensulfone at 36 days after planting in 2020. There is browning at tips of shoots and leaf unfolding is delayed.

Figure 5:

Potato plant vigor during production in 2021 as affected by nematicide application. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Plant vigor is a visual rating on a 0–100 scale with 100 best. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Potato plant vigor during production in 2021 as affected by nematicide application. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Plant vigor is a visual rating on a 0–100 scale with 100 best. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 6:

Marketable and total yield as affected by nematicide application in 2020 and 2021. Marketable yield is USDA size A tubers without defects. Total yield includes marketable yield and culls due to size or quality. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Marketable and total yield as affected by nematicide application in 2020 and 2021. Marketable yield is USDA size A tubers without defects. Total yield includes marketable yield and culls due to size or quality. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 7:

Sting nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05). effects for a given season (ANOVA, P < 0.05).
Sting nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05). effects for a given season (ANOVA, P < 0.05).

Figure 8:

Stunt nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Stunt nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 9:

Free-living nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Free-living nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Weight (kg/ha) of tubers culled due to quality defects by category in 2021 season.a

Nematicide Treatment Rotted Green Growth crack Misshapen Total quality cullsb Grand total cullsc
Untreated control 469 ab 72 c 443 305 1,289 4,598 b
Metam potassium 237 bc 457 a 575 291 1,561 4,768 b
Metam+Fluensulfone 291 abc 299 ab 335 41 967 3,874 c
Fluensulfone 145 c 65 c 941 168 1,319 4,590 b
1,3-dichlorpropene 545 a 74 bc 1,127 37 1,782 5,877 a

Schedule for data collection and trial establishment. Numbers in parentheses are days before (negative) or after (positive) planting.

Event Year 1 (2019–2020) Year 2 (2020–2021)
Preplant soil sampling 18 Dec (−38) 14 Dec (−30)
Nematicide application 2 Jan (−25) 18 Dec (−26)
Beds tilled and re-formed 13 Jan (−14) 5 Jan (−8)
Planting 27 Jan (0) 13 Jan (0)
Stand count 1 26 Feb (30) 18 Feb (36)
Stand count 2 4 Mar (37) 26 Feb (44)
Vigor rating 1 26 Feb (30) 18 Feb (36)
Vigor rating 2 4 Mar (37) 26 Feb (44)
Vigor rating 3 18 Mar (52) 3 Mar (50)
Vigor rating 4 – 12 Mar (59)
Midseason soil sampling 4 Mar (37) 26 Feb (44)
Harvest soil sampling 8 May (103) 14 Apr (92)
Harvest 11 May (106) 21 Apr (99)

Environmental conditions during the weeks before and after nematicide application for trials in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021

Time Perioda 2019–2020 2020–2021
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
Rainfallb Soilc Air Rainfall Soil Air
2 WBA 7.54 16.9 16.0 0.53 16.3 12.0
1 WBA 1.02 18.6 18.3 0.69 16.7 15.2
Day of application 0 16.8 16.5 0 14.9 7.3
1 WAA 0.53 16.4 14.0 2.54 15.5 13.3
2 WAA 0.00 18.4 21.1 0.25 14.3 13.9
3 WAA 0.00 17.0 13.1 0.23 15.9 14.2
4 WAAd 0.03 16.1 13.2 0.20 14.2 11.2
5 WAA 1.42 16.3 15.4 0.13 13.3 11.3
6 WAA 0.08 17.3 17.5 2.51 16.1 15.8
7 WAA 0.86 18.5 18.1 0.51 13.4 11.1
8 WAA 1.93 17.1 14.0 6.73 16.7 18.1
9 WAA 0.20 16.9 16.4 5.66 18.2 17.7
10 WAA 0.08 17.3 17.5 2.51 16.1 15.8

Chemistries and rates for nematicide treatments.

Treatment abbreviation Product Active ingredient Liters product/bedded haa kg a.i./bedded ha Method
1. UTC Untreated control None - - -
2. MP-A Metam KLRb Metam potassium 562 390 Fumigation
3. MP+FL Metam KLR Metam potassium 562 390 Fumigation (tank mix)
NIMITZc Fluensulfone 7.0 3.36
4. FL-A NIMITZ Fluensulfone 7.0 3.36 Ground spray
5. 1,3-D Telone IId 1,3-dichloropropene 75 88.3 Fumigation

Potato tuber yield (kg/ha) by grade and nematicide treatment.a

Grade Cb B A1 A2 A3 Size cullsc
Nematicide Treatment 2020
Untreated control 805 1,408 4,965 bc 13,243 bc 451 2,213
Metam potassium 637 849 3,904 c 10,613 c 303 1,486
Metam+Fluensulfone 839 1,147 6,014 abc 14,429 abc 468 1,986
Fluensulfone 773 1,832 7,954 ab 17,112 ab 547 2,606
1,3-dichlorpropene 1,039 1,969 8,948 a 18,884 a 54 3,008
Nematicide Treatment 2021
Untreated control 1,394 ab 1,914 b 6,934 7,782 c 0 3,308 b
Metam potassium 1,267 b 1,940 b 7,266 11,596 a 0 3,208 b
Metam+Fluensulfone 1,145 b 1,763 b 6,845 9,066 bc 0 2,908 b
Fluensulfone 1,272 b 1,998 b 6,729 7,577 c 0 3,270 b
1,3-dichlorpropene 1,585 a 2,511 a 7,645 10,886 ab 0 4,095 a
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