Popular and Scholarly Primordialism: The Politics of Ukrainian History during Russia's 2022 Invasion of Ukraine

Afanasiev, Ievgen. 2022. “The war has many Ukrainians who speak Russian abandoning the language.” National Public Radio NPR (24 April). URL: <https://www.npr.org/2022/04/24/1094567906/the-war-has-many-ukrainians-who-speak-russian-abandoning-the-language>, accessed August 2, 2022. AfanasievIevgen 2022 “The war has many Ukrainians who speak Russian abandoning the language.” National Public Radio NPR 24 April URL: <https://www.npr.org/2022/04/24/1094567906/the-war-has-many-ukrainians-who-speak-russian-abandoning-the-language>, accessed August 2, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Akopov, Sergey. 2012. “Multinationalism Mononationalism, or Transnationalism in Russia?” In Challenging Multiculturalism: European Models of Diversity edited by Raymond Taras, 297–319. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. AkopovSergey 2012 “Multinationalism Mononationalism, or Transnationalism in Russia?” In Challenging Multiculturalism: European Models of Diversity edited by TarasRaymond 297 319 Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press 10.1515/9780748664597-017 Search in Google Scholar

Allahar, Anton. 1996. “Primordialism and Ethnic Political Mobilisation in Modern Society.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 22(1): 5–21. AllaharAnton 1996 “Primordialism and Ethnic Political Mobilisation in Modern Society.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 22 1 5 21 10.1080/1369183X.1996.9976519 Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities. London: Verso. AndersonBenedict 1983 Imagined Communities London Verso Search in Google Scholar

Ballentine, Finoa. 2022. “Putin Doesn’t Combat Nazism, He Cultivates It” (1 June). Australian Institute of International Affairs. URL: <https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/putin-doesnt-combat-nazism-he-cultivates-it/>, accessed August 10, 2022. BallentineFinoa 2022 “Putin Doesn’t Combat Nazism, He Cultivates It” 1 June Australian Institute of International Affairs URL: <https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/putin-doesnt-combat-nazism-he-cultivates-it/>, accessed August 10, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Bermel, Niel. 2022. “Ukrainian and Russian: how similar are the two languages?” The Conversation (8 March), URL: <https://theconversation.com/ukrainian-and-russian-how-similar-are-the-two-languages-178456>, accessed March 20, 2022. BermelNiel 2022 “Ukrainian and Russian: how similar are the two languages?” The Conversation 8 March URL: <https://theconversation.com/ukrainian-and-russian-how-similar-are-the-two-languages-178456>, accessed March 20, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Brown, Kate. 2009. A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. BrownKate 2009 A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press Search in Google Scholar

Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. BrubakerRogers 1996 Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe Cambridge Cambridge University Press 10.1017/CBO9780511558764 Search in Google Scholar

Brubaker, Rogers. 2002. “Ethnicity without groups,” European Journal of Sociology, 43(2):163–89. BrubakerRogers 2002 “Ethnicity without groups,” European Journal of Sociology 43 2 163 89 10.1017/S0003975602001066 Search in Google Scholar

Carrol, Alison. 2019. “Paths to Frenchness: National indifference and the return of Alsace to France, 1919–1939.” In National Indifference and the History of Nationalism in Modern Europe, edited by Maarten Van Ginderachter and Jon Fox, 127–144. London: Routledge. CarrolAlison 2019 “Paths to Frenchness: National indifference and the return of Alsace to France, 1919–1939.” In National Indifference and the History of Nationalism in Modern Europe edited by Van GinderachterMaarten FoxJon 127 144 London Routledge 10.4324/9781315145402-7 Search in Google Scholar

Carter, Phillip. 2022. “Long before shots were fired, a linguistic power struggle was playing out in Ukraine,” The Conversation (10 March). URL: <https://theconversation.com/long-before-shots-were-fired-a-linguistic-power-struggle-was-playing-out-in-ukraine-178247>, accessed March 20, 2022. CarterPhillip 2022 “Long before shots were fired, a linguistic power struggle was playing out in Ukraine,” The Conversation 10 March URL: <https://theconversation.com/long-before-shots-were-fired-a-linguistic-power-struggle-was-playing-out-in-ukraine-178247>, accessed March 20, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 1977. Dialogues avec Mitsou Ronat. Paris: Flammarion. ChomskyNoam 1977 Dialogues avec Mitsou Ronat Paris Flammarion Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 1979. Language and Responsibility: Based on Conversations with Mitsou Ronat. New York: Pantheon. ChomskyNoam 1979 Language and Responsibility: Based on Conversations with Mitsou Ronat New York Pantheon Search in Google Scholar

Clover, Charles. 2016. Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. New Haven: Yale University Press. CloverCharles 2016 Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism New Haven Yale University Press Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, Robin. 1999. “The Making of Ethnicity: A Modest Defence of Primordialism. In People, Nation and State: The Meaning of Ethnicity and Nationalism, edited by Edward Mortimer and Robert Fine, 3–11. London: I.B. Tauris CohenRobin 1999 “The Making of Ethnicity: A Modest Defence of Primordialism In People, Nation and State: The Meaning of Ethnicity and Nationalism edited by MortimerEdward FineRobert 3 11 London I.B. Tauris 10.5040/9780755620869.ch-001 Search in Google Scholar

Demmers, Jolle. 2016. Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction. London: Routledge. DemmersJolle 2016 Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction London Routledge 10.4324/9781315715025 Search in Google Scholar

Durand, Olivia. 2022. “Putin's invasion of Ukraine attacks its distinct history and reveals his imperial instincts.” The Conversation (24 February). URL: <https://theconversation.com/putins-invasion-of-ukraine-attacks-its-distinct-history-and-reveals-his-imperial-instincts-177669>, accessed 19 March 2022. DurandOlivia 2022 “Putin's invasion of Ukraine attacks its distinct history and reveals his imperial instincts.” The Conversation 24 February URL: <https://theconversation.com/putins-invasion-of-ukraine-attacks-its-distinct-history-and-reveals-his-imperial-instincts-177669>, accessed 19 March 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Fine, Gary Alan. 2012. Sticky Reputations: The Politics of Collective Memory in Midcentury America. London: Taylor and Francis. FineGary Alan 2012 Sticky Reputations: The Politics of Collective Memory in Midcentury America London Taylor and Francis 10.4324/9780203135969 Search in Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua. 1985. “The Sociology of Jewish Languages from a General Sociolinguistic Point of View.” In Readings in the Sociology of Jewish Languages, edited by Joshua Fishman, 3–21. Leiden: Brill. FishmanJoshua 1985 “The Sociology of Jewish Languages from a General Sociolinguistic Point of View.” In Readings in the Sociology of Jewish Languages edited by FishmanJoshua 3 21 Leiden Brill 10.1163/9789004670006_003 Search in Google Scholar

Fitzpatrick, Shiela. 2022. “Ukraine as a ‘borderland’: a brief history of Ukraine's place between Europe and Russia.” The Conversation, (4 March). URL: <https://theconversation.com/ukraine-as-a-borderland-a-brief-history-of-ukraines-place-between-europe-and-russia-178168>, accessed March 19, 2022. FitzpatrickShiela 2022 “Ukraine as a ‘borderland’: a brief history of Ukraine's place between Europe and Russia.” The Conversation 4 March URL: <https://theconversation.com/ukraine-as-a-borderland-a-brief-history-of-ukraines-place-between-europe-and-russia-178168>, accessed March 19, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Galeotti, Mark. 2022. “How Vladimir Putin failed to learn the lessons of Leningrad,” Daily Mail (21 March), URL < https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-10633975/As-pictures-history-repeating-Professor-MARK-GALEOTTI-examines-Russias-faltering-invasion.html>, accessed April 7, 2022. GaleottiMark 2022 “How Vladimir Putin failed to learn the lessons of Leningrad,” Daily Mail 21 March URL < https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-10633975/As-pictures-history-repeating-Professor-MARK-GALEOTTI-examines-Russias-faltering-invasion.html>, accessed April 7, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Gellner, Ernst. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Cornell: Cornell University Press. GellnerErnst 1983 Nations and Nationalism Cornell Cornell University Press Search in Google Scholar

Gellner, Ernst. 1997. Nationalism. New York: New York University Press. GellnerErnst 1997 Nationalism New York New York University Press Search in Google Scholar

Gil-White, Francisco. 1999. “How thick is blood? The plot thickens…: If ethnic actors are primordialists, what remains of the circumstantialist/primordialist controversy?,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(5): 789–820. Gil-WhiteFrancisco 1999 “How thick is blood? The plot thickens…: If ethnic actors are primordialists, what remains of the circumstantialist/primordialist controversy?,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 5 789 820 10.1080/014198799329260 Search in Google Scholar

Harari, Yuval. 2022. “The War in Ukraine Could Change Everything,” TED talks (3 March), URL <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQqthbvYE8M>, accessed March 6, 2022. HarariYuval 2022 “The War in Ukraine Could Change Everything,” TED talks 3 March URL <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQqthbvYE8M>, accessed March 6, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Hastings, Adrian. 1997. The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. HastingsAdrian 1997 The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism Cambridge Cambridge University Press 10.1017/CBO9780511612107 Search in Google Scholar

Headley, James. 2022. “Russia fought against Nazism but is now itself a fascist state,” The Newsroom (18 March). URL: <https://www.newsroom.co.nz/ideasroom/russia-fought-against-nazism-but-is-now-itself-a-fascist-state>, accessed 21 March 2022. HeadleyJames 2022 “Russia fought against Nazism but is now itself a fascist state,” The Newsroom 18 March URL: <https://www.newsroom.co.nz/ideasroom/russia-fought-against-nazism-but-is-now-itself-a-fascist-state>, accessed 21 March 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Herman, Steve. 2022. “Is Putin the New Hitler?” Voice of America (8 March). URL: <https://www.voanews.com/a/is-putin-the-new-hitler-/6476408.html>, accessed April 7, 2022. HermanSteve 2022 “Is Putin the New Hitler?” Voice of America 8 March URL: <https://www.voanews.com/a/is-putin-the-new-hitler-/6476408.html>, accessed April 7, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Hirsch, Francine. 2014. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Cornell: Cornell University Press. HirschFrancine 2014 Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union Cornell Cornell University Press Search in Google Scholar

Hirsch, Francine. 2004. “Toward a Soviet Order of Things: The 1926 Census and the Making of the Soviet Union.” In Categories and Contexts: Anthropological and Historical Studies in Critical Demography, edited by Simon Szreter, Hania Sholkamy, and A Dharmalingam, 126–147. Oxford: Oxford University Press. HirschFrancine 2004 “Toward a Soviet Order of Things: The 1926 Census and the Making of the Soviet Union.” In Categories and Contexts: Anthropological and Historical Studies in Critical Demography edited by SzreterSimon SholkamyHania DharmalingamA 126 147 Oxford Oxford University Press 10.1093/0199270570.003.0007 Search in Google Scholar

Horowitz, Donald. 2003. “The Primordialists.” In Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World, edited by Daniele Conversi, 72–82. London: Routledge. HorowitzDonald 2003 “The Primordialists.” In Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World edited by ConversiDaniele 72 82 London Routledge Search in Google Scholar

Hudson, Richard. 1980. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. HudsonRichard 1980 Sociolinguistics Cambridge Cambridge University Press Search in Google Scholar

Ilyin, Ivan. 1955. “Chto sulit miru raschlenenie Rossii? [What the dismemberment of Russia promises], Nashi zadachi: Statii. Paris: Russkii obshchevoinskii soiuz, 245–57. Originally written in 1950, reprinted in the Krasnodar journal Kuban’ 12 (1990), 2–7. IlyinIvan 1955 “Chto sulit miru raschlenenie Rossii? [What the dismemberment of Russia promises] Nashi zadachi: Statii Paris Russkii obshchevoinskii soiuz 245 57 Originally written in 1950, reprinted in the Krasnodar journal Kuban’ 12 (1990), 2–7. Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, Nicole. 2022. “Russia's actions in post-Soviet wars provide clues to its brutal Ukraine invasion,” The Conversation (17 March). URL: <https://theconversation.com/russias-actions-in-post-soviet-wars-provide-clues-to-its-brutal-ukraine-invasion-177952>, accessed March 20, 2022. JacksonNicole 2022 “Russia's actions in post-Soviet wars provide clues to its brutal Ukraine invasion,” The Conversation 17 March URL: <https://theconversation.com/russias-actions-in-post-soviet-wars-provide-clues-to-its-brutal-ukraine-invasion-177952>, accessed March 20, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, Brian. 2010. ‘Just like Hitler’: Comparisons to Nazism in American Culture. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of English, Ph.D. Thesis. JohnsonBrian 2010 ‘Just like Hitler’: Comparisons to Nazism in American Culture University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of English, Ph.D. Thesis. Search in Google Scholar

Kamusella, Tomasz. 2010. “School History Atlases as Instruments of Nation-State Making and Maintenance: A Remark on the Invisibility of Ideology in Popular Education.” Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 2(1): 113–38. KamusellaTomasz 2010 “School History Atlases as Instruments of Nation-State Making and Maintenance: A Remark on the Invisibility of Ideology in Popular Education.” Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 2 1 113 38 10.3167/jemms.2010.020107 Search in Google Scholar

Karmanau, Yuras. 2022. “Putin says Ukraine's future in doubt as cease-fires collapse,” AP News (6 March). URL: <https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-3d9e50b2fa8b-08ce1f74c1b09403186e>, accessed March 26, 2022. KarmanauYuras 2022 “Putin says Ukraine's future in doubt as cease-fires collapse,” AP News 6 March URL: <https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-3d9e50b2fa8b-08ce1f74c1b09403186e>, accessed March 26, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Korolov, Gennadii. 2021. “In Search of the Lands of Rus’: The Idea of Ukraine in the Imagination of the Little Russian Movement (1917–1919),” Nationalities Papers 49(4): 679–690. KorolovGennadii 2021 “In Search of the Lands of Rus’: The Idea of Ukraine in the Imagination of the Little Russian Movement (1917–1919),” Nationalities Papers 49 4 679 690 10.1017/nps.2020.47 Search in Google Scholar

Kravchenko, Volodymyr. 2019. “Putting One and One Together? Ukraine, Malorossiia, and Russia,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 20(4): 823–840. KravchenkoVolodymyr 2019 “Putting One and One Together? Ukraine, Malorossiia, and Russia,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 20 4 823 840 10.1353/kri.2019.0062 Search in Google Scholar

Krawatzek, Félix & George Soroka. 2022. “Ukraine war: people are fighting and dying for Vladimir Putin's flawed version of history” The Conversation (23 March). URL: <https://theconversation.com/ukraine-war-people-are-fighting-and-dying-for-vladimir-putins-flawed-version-of-history-178925>, accessed April 7, 2022. KrawatzekFélix SorokaGeorge 2022 “Ukraine war: people are fighting and dying for Vladimir Putin's flawed version of history” The Conversation 23 March URL: <https://theconversation.com/ukraine-war-people-are-fighting-and-dying-for-vladimir-putins-flawed-version-of-history-178925>, accessed April 7, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Kroeker, Joshua. 2021. “Vladimir the historian. Putin's political revision of Ukrainian history.” New Eastern Europe, 6(49): 47–53. URL: <https://neweasterneurope.eu/2021/12/02/vladimir-the-historian-putins-political-revision-of-ukrainian-history/>, accessed March 6, 2022. KroekerJoshua 2021 “Vladimir the historian. Putin's political revision of Ukrainian history.” New Eastern Europe 6 49 47 53 URL: <https://neweasterneurope.eu/2021/12/02/vladimir-the-historian-putins-political-revision-of-ukrainian-history/>, accessed March 6, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Kuzio, Taras. 2017. Putin's War Against Ukraine: Revolution, Nationalism, and Crime. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. KuzioTaras 2017 Putin's War Against Ukraine: Revolution, Nationalism, and Crime Toronto University of Toronto Press Search in Google Scholar

Kuznetsova, Eugenia. 2014. “Underlying Meanings of the Hitler Metaphor in Western Media.” Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism 4: 230–36. KuznetsovaEugenia 2014 “Underlying Meanings of the Hitler Metaphor in Western Media.” Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism 4 230 36 10.4172/2165-7912.1000230 Search in Google Scholar

Levy, Neil. 2021. “Virtue signaling is virtuous.” Synthese 198(10): 9545–9562. LevyNeil 2021 “Virtue signaling is virtuous.” Synthese 198 10 9545 9562 10.1007/s11229-020-02653-9 Search in Google Scholar

Martin, Terry. 2001. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Cornell: Cornell University Press. MartinTerry 2001 The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 Cornell Cornell University Press Search in Google Scholar

Maxwell, Alexander. 2015. “Taxonomies of the Slavic World since the Enlightenment: Schematizing Perceptions of Slavic Ethnonyms in a Chart,” Language and History, 58(1): 24–54. MaxwellAlexander 2015 “Taxonomies of the Slavic World since the Enlightenment: Schematizing Perceptions of Slavic Ethnonyms in a Chart,” Language and History 58 1 24 54 10.1179/1759753615Z.00000000037 Search in Google Scholar

Maxwell, Alexander. 2020. “Primordialism for Scholars Who Ought to Know Better: Anthony D. Smith's Critique of Modernization Theory,” Nationalities Papers, 48(1): 826–842. MaxwellAlexander 2020 “Primordialism for Scholars Who Ought to Know Better: Anthony D. Smith's Critique of Modernization Theory,” Nationalities Papers 48 1 826 842 10.1017/nps.2019.93 Search in Google Scholar

Maxwell, Alexander. 2022. “Russia is trying to destabilise the western world,” Newsroom, (11 March). URL: <https://www.newsroom.co.nz/russia-is-trying-to-destabilise-the-western-world>, accessed March 11, 2022. MaxwellAlexander 2022 “Russia is trying to destabilise the western world,” Newsroom 11 March URL: <https://www.newsroom.co.nz/russia-is-trying-to-destabilise-the-western-world>, accessed March 11, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Miller, Alexei. 2003. The Ukrainian Question: Russian Empire and Nationalism in the 19th Century. Budapest: Central European University Press. MillerAlexei 2003 The Ukrainian Question: Russian Empire and Nationalism in the 19th Century Budapest Central European University Press 10.1515/9786155211188 Search in Google Scholar

More, Rachel. 2022. “Polish president says calls with Putin like speaking to Hitler,” Reuters (9 June). URL: <https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/polish-president-says-calls-with-putin-like-speaking-hitler-bild-2022-06-09/>, accessed 10 August 2022. MoreRachel 2022 “Polish president says calls with Putin like speaking to Hitler,” Reuters 9 June URL: <https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/polish-president-says-calls-with-putin-like-speaking-hitler-bild-2022-06-09/>, accessed 10 August 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Özkırımlı, Umut. 2000. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (London: Palgrave). ÖzkırımlıUmut 2000 Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction London Palgrave Search in Google Scholar

Partlett, William. 2022. “What can the West do to help Ukraine? It can start by countering Putin's information strategy,” The Conversation (25 February), URL: <https://theconversation.com/what-can-the-west-do-to-help-ukraine-it-can-start-by-countering-putins-information-strategy-177912>, accessed 20 March 2022. PartlettWilliam 2022 “What can the West do to help Ukraine? It can start by countering Putin's information strategy,” The Conversation 25 February URL: <https://theconversation.com/what-can-the-west-do-to-help-ukraine-it-can-start-by-countering-putins-information-strategy-177912>, accessed 20 March 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Pauly, Matthew. 2002. “Kyiv has faced adversity before – and a stronger Ukrainian identity grew in response.” The Conversation (17 March), URL: <https://theconversation.com/kyivhas-faced-adversity-before-and-a-stronger-ukrainian-identity-grew-in-response-178472>, accessed March 19, 2022. PaulyMatthew 2002 “Kyiv has faced adversity before – and a stronger Ukrainian identity grew in response.” The Conversation 17 March URL: <https://theconversation.com/kyivhas-faced-adversity-before-and-a-stronger-ukrainian-identity-grew-in-response-178472>, accessed March 19, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Plokhy, Serhii. 2006a. The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. PlokhySerhii 2006a The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus Cambridge Cambridge University Press 10.1017/CBO9780511496837 Search in Google Scholar

Plokhy, Serhii. 2006b. “Ukraine or Little Russia? Revisiting an Early Nineteenth-Century Debate.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 48(3–4): 335–353. PlokhySerhii 2006b “Ukraine or Little Russia? Revisiting an Early Nineteenth-Century Debate.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 48 3–4 335 353 10.1080/00085006.2006.11092419 Search in Google Scholar

Plokhy, Serhii. 2015. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. New York: Basic. PlokhySerhii 2015 The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine New York Basic Search in Google Scholar

Putin, Vladimir. 2021. “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians,” (July 12) Russian version: URL <http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181>, official English translation URL: <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181>, accessed February 26, 2022. PutinVladimir 2021 “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians,” July 12 Russian version: URL <http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181>, official English translation URL: <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181>, accessed February 26, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Putin, Vladimir. 2022a. “Address by the President of the Russian Federation” (February 21) URL <http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828>, official English translation URL: <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/page/6>, accessed March 13, 2022. PutinVladimir 2022a “Address by the President of the Russian Federation” February 21 URL <http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828>, official English translation URL: <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/page/6>, accessed March 13, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Putin, Vladimir. 2022b. “Meeting with Security Council Permanent Members” (3 March). URL: <kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67903>, English translation UR L <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67903>, accessed March 26, 2022. PutinVladimir 2022b “Meeting with Security Council Permanent Members” 3 March URL: <kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67903>, English translation UR L <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67903>, accessed March 26, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Remnick, David. 2022. “The Weakness of the Despot: An expert on Stalin discusses Putin, Russia, and the West.” The New Yorker (March 11). URL: <https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/stephen-kotkin-putin-russia-ukraine-stalin>, accessed 21 March 2022. RemnickDavid 2022 “The Weakness of the Despot: An expert on Stalin discusses Putin, Russia, and the West.” The New Yorker March 11 URL: <https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/stephen-kotkin-putin-russia-ukraine-stalin>, accessed 21 March 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Ruane, Michael. 2022. “Putin's Attack on Ukraine echoes Hitler's attack on Czechoslovakia.” Boston Globe, (25 February) URL: <https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/25/world/putins-attack-ukraine-echoes-hitlers-takeover-czechoslovakia/>, accessed August 10, 2022. RuaneMichael 2022 “Putin's Attack on Ukraine echoes Hitler's attack on Czechoslovakia.” Boston Globe 25 February URL: <https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/25/world/putins-attack-ukraine-echoes-hitlers-takeover-czechoslovakia/>, accessed August 10, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Seals, Corinne. 2022. “War against Ukraine, not conflict in the Ukraine: Why the language we use matters,” The Spinoff (3 March). URL: <https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/03-03-2022/war-against-ukraine-not-conflict-in-the-ukraine-why-the-language-we-use-matters>, accessed March 21, 2022. SealsCorinne 2022 “War against Ukraine, not conflict in the Ukraine: Why the language we use matters,” The Spinoff 3 March URL: <https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/03-03-2022/war-against-ukraine-not-conflict-in-the-ukraine-why-the-language-we-use-matters>, accessed March 21, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Sereda, Ostap. 2001. “ ‘Whom shall we be?’ Public Debates over the National Identity of Galician Ruthenians in the 1860s,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 2:200–212. SeredaOstap 2001 “ ‘Whom shall we be?’ Public Debates over the National Identity of Galician Ruthenians in the 1860s,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 2 200 212 Search in Google Scholar

Shnirelman Victor. 2009. “Stigmatized by History or by Historians? The Peoples of Russia in School History Textbooks.” History and Memory 21(2): 110–149. VictorShnirelman 2009 “Stigmatized by History or by Historians? The Peoples of Russia in School History Textbooks.” History and Memory 21 2 110 149 10.2979/his.2009.21.2.110 Search in Google Scholar

Slezkine, Yuri. 1994. “The USSR as a communal apartment, or how a socialist state promoted ethnic particularism.” Slavic Review 53(2): 414–52. SlezkineYuri 1994 “The USSR as a communal apartment, or how a socialist state promoted ethnic particularism.” Slavic Review 53 2 414 52 10.2307/2501300 Search in Google Scholar

Smolkin, Victoria. 2022. “‘Fantasy is not history’: Historian Victoria Smolkin assesses Putin's claim that modern-day Ukraine is a ‘gift’ from the Bolsheviks,” Meduza (24 February). URL: <https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/02/24/fantasy-is-not-history>, accessed April 7, 2022. SmolkinVictoria 2022 “‘Fantasy is not history’: Historian Victoria Smolkin assesses Putin's claim that modern-day Ukraine is a ‘gift’ from the Bolsheviks,” Meduza 24 February URL: <https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/02/24/fantasy-is-not-history>, accessed April 7, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. 1990. Kak nam obustroit’ Rossiju? Posil’nye soobrazhenija. Paris: YMCA press. English translation Rebuilding Russia: Reflections and Tentative Proposals. London: Harvill. SolzhenitsynAleksandr 1990 Kak nam obustroit’ Rossiju? Posil’nye soobrazhenija Paris YMCA press English translation Rebuilding Russia: Reflections and Tentative Proposals. London: Harvill. Search in Google Scholar

Spencer, Philip, and Howard Wollman. 2002. Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. London: Sage. SpencerPhilip WollmanHoward 2002 Nationalism: A Critical Introduction London Sage 10.4135/9781446216231 Search in Google Scholar

Spolsky, Bernard. 1988. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. SpolskyBernard 1988 Sociolinguistics Oxford Oxford University Press Search in Google Scholar

Tabarovsky, Izabella, and Eugene Finkel. 2022. Statement by Scholars of Genocide, Nazism and World War II.” Jewish Journal, (27 February). URL: <https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/345515/statement-on-the-war-in-ukraine-by-scholars-of-genocide-nazism-and-world-war-ii/>, accessed April 7, 2022. TabarovskyIzabella FinkelEugene 2022 Statement by Scholars of Genocide, Nazism and World War II.” Jewish Journal 27 February URL: <https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/345515/statement-on-the-war-in-ukraine-by-scholars-of-genocide-nazism-and-world-war-ii/>, accessed April 7, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Tiene, Drew. 2022. “Consider how similar Vladimir Putin is to Adolf Hitler to understand threat to world peace.” Akron Beacon Journal (May 9). URL: <https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/opinion/columns/2022/05/09/retired-kent-state-professor-says-war-in-ukraine-shows-how-vladimir-putin-is-like-hitler/9643814002/>, accessed August 10, 2022. TieneDrew 2022 “Consider how similar Vladimir Putin is to Adolf Hitler to understand threat to world peace.” Akron Beacon Journal May 9 URL: <https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/opinion/columns/2022/05/09/retired-kent-state-professor-says-war-in-ukraine-shows-how-vladimir-putin-is-like-hitler/9643814002/>, accessed August 10, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Suny, Ronald. 2001. “Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations,” Journal of Modern History 73(4): 862–96. SunyRonald 2001 “Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations,” Journal of Modern History 73 4 862 96 10.1086/340148 Search in Google Scholar

Suny, Ronald, and Terry Martin, eds. 2001. A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. SunyRonald MartinTerry eds. 2001 A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin Oxford Oxford University Press Search in Google Scholar

Suny, Ronald. 2022. “A historian corrects misunderstandings about Ukrainian and Russian history.” The Conversation (25 February NZDT, updated 27 February NZDT), URL: <https://theconversation.com/a-historian-corrects-misunderstandings-about-ukrainian-and-russian-history-177697>, accessed March 20, 2022. SunyRonald 2022 “A historian corrects misunderstandings about Ukrainian and Russian history.” The Conversation (25 February NZDT, updated 27 February NZDT), URL: <https://theconversation.com/a-historian-corrects-misunderstandings-about-ukrainian-and-russian-history-177697>, accessed March 20, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Sussex, Matthew. 2022. “Putin is on a personal mission to rewrite Cold War history, making the risks in Ukraine far graver,” The Conversation (24 February). URL: <https://theconversation.com/putin-is-on-a-personal-mission-to-rewrite-cold-war-history-making-the-risks-in-ukraine-far-graver-177730>, accessed March 20, 2022. SussexMatthew 2022 “Putin is on a personal mission to rewrite Cold War history, making the risks in Ukraine far graver,” The Conversation 24 February URL: <https://theconversation.com/putin-is-on-a-personal-mission-to-rewrite-cold-war-history-making-the-risks-in-ukraine-far-graver-177730>, accessed March 20, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Tamir, Yael. 2020. Why Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. TamirYael 2020 Why Nationalism Princeton Princeton University Press Search in Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 1995. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin. TrudgillPeter 1995 Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society London Penguin Search in Google Scholar

Van Ginderachter, Maarten, and Jon Fox (eds.). 2019. National Indifference and the History of Nationalism in Modern Europe. London: Routledge. Van GinderachterMaarten FoxJon (eds.). 2019 National Indifference and the History of Nationalism in Modern Europe London Routledge 10.4324/9781315145402 Search in Google Scholar

Vickers, Edward. 2009. “Education, Identity and Politics in Asia.” In: Marie Lall, Edward Vickers, eds., Education as a Political Tool in Asia, pp. 10–32. London: Routledge. VickersEdward 2009 “Education, Identity and Politics in Asia.” In: LallMarie VickersEdward eds., Education as a Political Tool in Asia 10 32 London Routledge 10.4324/9780203884669 Search in Google Scholar

Von Hagen, Mark. 1995. “Does Ukraine have a history?” Slavic Review, 54(3): 658–673. Von HagenMark 1995 “Does Ukraine have a history?” Slavic Review 54 3 658 673 10.2307/2501741 Search in Google Scholar

Weber, Eugen. 1976. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press. WeberEugen 1976 Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 Stanford Stanford University Press 10.1515/9780804766036 Search in Google Scholar

Webber, Mark. 2011. “Metaphorizing the Holocaust: The ethics of comparison.” Images: The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 8(15–16): 5–30. WebberMark 2011 “Metaphorizing the Holocaust: The ethics of comparison.” Images: The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 8 15–16 5 30 10.14746/i.2011.15.16.01 Search in Google Scholar

Weinreich, Peter, Viera Bacova, Nathalie Rougier. 2003. “Basic Primordialism in Ethnic and National Identity.” In: Peter Weinreich, Wendy Saunderson, eds., Analysing Identity: Cross-Cultural, Societal and Clinical Contexts, 115–169. London: Routledge. WeinreichPeter BacovaViera RougierNathalie 2003 “Basic Primordialism in Ethnic and National Identity.” In: WeinreichPeter SaundersonWendy eds., Analysing Identity: Cross-Cultural, Societal and Clinical Contexts 115 169 London Routledge Search in Google Scholar

Wieland, Carsten, 2005. “The Bankruptcy of Humanism? Primordialism Dominates the Agenda of International Politics.” Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft (4): 142–158. WielandCarsten 2005 “The Bankruptcy of Humanism? Primordialism Dominates the Agenda of International Politics.” Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 4 142 158 Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, Andrew. 2022. “Putin's War: Universal Sympathy for Ukraine Will Force Russia to Change its Tactics” Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, (March 3), URL: <https://rusi.org/news-and-comment/video-commentary/putins-war-universal-sympathy-ukraine-will-force-russia-change-its-tactics>, accessed March 21, 2022. WilsonAndrew 2022 “Putin's War: Universal Sympathy for Ukraine Will Force Russia to Change its Tactics” Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies March 3 URL: <https://rusi.org/news-and-comment/video-commentary/putins-war-universal-sympathy-ukraine-will-force-russia-change-its-tactics>, accessed March 21, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Yablokov, Ilya. 1919. “Anti-Jewish conspiracy theories in Putin's Russia.” Antisemitism Studies, 3(2): 291–316 YablokovIlya 1919 “Anti-Jewish conspiracy theories in Putin's Russia.” Antisemitism Studies 3 2 291 316 10.2979/antistud.3.2.05 Search in Google Scholar

Yekelchyk, Serhy. 2007. Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. YekelchykSerhy 2007 Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation Oxford Oxford University Press 10.1093/oso/9780195305463.001.0001 Search in Google Scholar

Zahra, Tara. 2010. “Imagined noncommunities: National indifference as a category of analysis.” Slavic Review 69 (1): 93–119. ZahraTara 2010 “Imagined noncommunities: National indifference as a category of analysis.” Slavic Review 69 1 93 119 10.1017/S0037677900016715 Search in Google Scholar

Zayarnyuk, Andriy. 2010. “Mapping identities: The popular base of Galician Russophilism in the 1890s,” Austrian History Yearbook 41: 117–142. ZayarnyukAndriy 2010 “Mapping identities: The popular base of Galician Russophilism in the 1890s,” Austrian History Yearbook 41 117 142 10.1017/S0067237809990117 Search in Google Scholar

Zaslavsky, Victor, and Yuri Luryi. “The Passport System in the USSR and Changes in Soviet Society.” Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 6.1 (1979): 137–153. ZaslavskyVictor LuryiYuri “The Passport System in the USSR and Changes in Soviet Society.” Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 6 1 1979 137 153 10.1163/187633279X00086 Search in Google Scholar

Zelenskyy, Volodymyr. 2021. “Ukraine. Kyivan Rus’. 1033” President of Ukraine URL: <https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ukrayina-kiyivska-rus-1033-zvernennya-prezidenta-volodimira-69757>, accessed April 10, 2022. ZelenskyyVolodymyr 2021 “Ukraine. Kyivan Rus’. 1033” President of Ukraine URL: <https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ukrayina-kiyivska-rus-1033-zvernennya-prezidenta-volodimira-69757>, accessed April 10, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Ziegler, Hannah. 2022. “UMD history professors examine Russia's invasion of Ukraine,” The Diamondback (2 March), URL <https://dbknews.com/2022/03/02/umd-history-professors-russia-ukraine/>, accessed March 22, 2022. ZieglerHannah 2022 “UMD history professors examine Russia's invasion of Ukraine,” The Diamondback 2 March URL <https://dbknews.com/2022/03/02/umd-history-professors-russia-ukraine/>, accessed March 22, 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Zubrzycki, Geneviève. 2002. “The Classical Opposition between Civic and Ethnic Models of Nationhood: Ideology, Empirical Reality and Social Scientific Analysis.” Polish Sociological Review 139(2): 275–295. ZubrzyckiGeneviève 2002 “The Classical Opposition between Civic and Ethnic Models of Nationhood: Ideology, Empirical Reality and Social Scientific Analysis.” Polish Sociological Review 139 2 275 295 Search in Google Scholar