<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sino–Russian relations have rapidly become a hotly debated topic within the fields of strategic studies and international relations. In this article, we propose a preliminary theoretical model for analysing the Russian–Chinese relation as a <italic>complex security system</italic>. By security system, we mean a system consisting of two or more elements (states) with shared and interdependent security concerns and interests. From the shared understandings of security of the elements, the system emerges with its emergent attributes and properties. After providing its theoretical and conceptual framework based on recent ideas in complex system theories, the article narrates how the Eurasian security system began to develop after the restructuring of global and Eurasian security architectures following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During the following decades, China and Russia developed mutually homogenous sets of perceived security threats and interests, and later in the post 2014-era, these interests converged to establish the Eurasian security system.</p>
</abstract>

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sino–Russian relations have rapidly become a hotly debated topic within the fields of strategic studies and international relations. In this article, we propose a preliminary theoretical model for analysing the Russian–Chinese relation as a complex security system. By security system, we mean a system consisting of two or more elements (states) with shared and interdependent security concerns and interests. From the shared understandings of security of the elements, the system emerges with its emergent attributes and properties. After providing its theoretical and conceptual framework based on recent ideas in complex system theories, the article narrates how the Eurasian security system began to develop after the restructuring of global and Eurasian security architectures following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During the following decades, China and Russia developed mutually homogenous sets of perceived security threats and interests, and later in the post 2014-era, these interests converged to establish the Eurasian security system.

The Eurasian security system: a preliminary framework for understanding the emerging Sino–Russian relationship

Journal of Military Studies

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sino–Russian relations have rapidly become a hotly debated topic within the fields of strategic studies and...

The Eurasian security system: a preliminary framework for understanding the emerging Sino–Russian relationship

Article Category: Original Study

Published Online: Oct 29, 2022

Page range: 63 - 76

Received: May 16, 2022

Accepted: Sep 09, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2022-0006

Keywords
Russia, China, Eurasia, complexity, system theory, security system

© 2022 Juha Kukkola et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

The Eurasian security system: a preliminary framework for understanding the emerging Sino–Russian relationship

Article Category: Original Study

Published Online: Oct 29, 2022

Page range: 63 - 76

Received: May 16, 2022

Accepted: Sep 09, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2022-0006

KeywordsRussia, China, Eurasia, complexity, system theory, security system

© 2022 Juha Kukkola et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Keywords
Russia, China, Eurasia, complexity, system theory, security system