A Novel Metric for Assessing National Strength in Scientific Research: Understanding China's Research Output in Quantum Technology through Collaboration

Abbas, A.M. (2010). Generalized Linear Weights for Sharing Credits Among Multiple Authors. arXiv:1012.5477 [cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.5477 AbbasA.M. 2010 Generalized Linear Weights for Sharing Credits Among Multiple Authors arXiv:1012.5477 [cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.5477 Search in Google Scholar

Abbas, A.M. (2011). Weighted indices for evaluating the quality of research with multiple authorship. Scientometrics, 88(1), 107–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0389-7 AbbasA.M. 2011 Weighted indices for evaluating the quality of research with multiple authorship Scientometrics 88 1 107 131 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0389-7 10.1007/s11192-011-0389-7 Search in Google Scholar

BINOSI, D., & CALARCO, T. (2017). Quantum Information Classification Scheme-QICS. http://qurope.eu/content/qics-book BINOSID. CALARCOT. 2017 Quantum Information Classification Scheme-QICS http://qurope.eu/content/qics-book Search in Google Scholar

Bornmann, Lutz, Leydesdorff, Loet, Wagner, Caroline, & S. (2015). Recent Developments in China-US Cooperation in Science. Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy, 53(3), 199–214. BornmannLutz LeydesdorffLoet WagnerCaroline S. 2015 Recent Developments in China-US Cooperation in Science Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy 53 3 199 214 10.1007/s11024-015-9273-6 Search in Google Scholar

Brandes, U. (2001). A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 25(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2001.9990249 BrandesU. 2001 A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality The Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25 2 163 177 https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2001.9990249 10.1080/0022250X.2001.9990249 Search in Google Scholar

Charles & Oppenheim. (1998). Fractional counting of multiauthored publications. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49(5), 482–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(19980415)49:5<482::aid-asi11>3.3.co;2-8 OppenheimCharles 1998 Fractional counting of multiauthored publications Journal of the American Society for Information Science 49 5 482 482 https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(19980415)49:5<482::aid-asi11>3.3.co;2-8 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(19980415)49:5<482::AID-ASI11>3.0.CO;2-H Search in Google Scholar

Chen, K.H., Zhang, Y., & Fu, X.L. (2019). International research collaboration: An emerging domain of innovation studies? Research Policy, 48(1), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.005 ChenK.H. ZhangY. FuX.L. 2019 International research collaboration: An emerging domain of innovation studies? Research Policy 48 1 149 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.005 10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.005 Search in Google Scholar

Cho, C.-C., Hu, M.-W., & Liu, M.-C. (2010). Improvements in productivity based on co-authorship: A case study of published articles in China. Scientometrics, 85(2), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0263-z ChoC.-C. HuM.-W. LiuM.-C. 2010 Improvements in productivity based on co-authorship: A case study of published articles in China Scientometrics 85 2 463 470 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0263-z 10.1007/s11192-010-0263-z Search in Google Scholar

Cole, J.R., & Cole, S. (1974). Social Stratification in Science. American Journal of Physics, 42(10), 923–924. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1987897 ColeJ.R. ColeS. 1974 Social Stratification in Science American Journal of Physics 42 10 923 924 https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1987897 10.1119/1.1987897 Search in Google Scholar

Díaz-Faes, A.A., Costas, R., Galindo, M.P., & Bordons, M. (2015). Unravelling the performance of individual scholars: Use of Canonical Biplot analysis to explore the performance of scientists by academic rank and scientific field. Journal of Informetrics, 9(4), 722–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2015.04.006 Díaz-FaesA.A. CostasR. GalindoM.P. BordonsM. 2015 Unravelling the performance of individual scholars: Use of Canonical Biplot analysis to explore the performance of scientists by academic rank and scientific field Journal of Informetrics 9 4 722 733 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2015.04.006 10.1016/j.joi.2015.04.006 Search in Google Scholar

Edler, J. (2010). International Policy Coordination for Collaboration in S&T (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1542583). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1542583 EdlerJ. 2010 International Policy Coordination for Collaboration in S&T (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1542583). Social Science Research Network https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1542583 10.2139/ssrn.1542583 Search in Google Scholar

Egghe, L. (1991). Theory of collaboration and collaborative measures. Information Processing & Management, 27(2), 177–202. https://doi.org/10/b84gmq EggheL. 1991 Theory of collaboration and collaborative measures Information Processing & Management 27 2 177 202 https://doi.org/10/b84gmq 10.1016/0306-4573(91)90048-Q Search in Google Scholar

Egghe, L., Rousseau, R., & Van Hooydonk, G. (2000). Methods for accrediting publications to authors or countries: Consequences for evaluation studies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(2000)51:2<145::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-9 EggheL. RousseauR. Van HooydonkG. 2000 Methods for accrediting publications to authors or countries: Consequences for evaluation studies Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51 2 145 157 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(2000)51:2<145::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-9 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(2000)51:2<145::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-9 Search in Google Scholar

Fedorov, A.K., Akimov, A.V., Biamonte, J.D., Kavokin, A.V., Khalili, F.Y., Kiktenko, E.O., Kolachevsky, N.N., Kurochkin, Y.V., Lvovsky, A.I., Rubtsov, A.N., Shlyapnikov, G.V., Straupe, S.S., Ustinov, A.V., & Zheltikov, A.M. (2019). Quantum technologies in Russia. Quantum Science and Technology, 4(4), 040501. https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab4472 FedorovA.K. AkimovA.V. BiamonteJ.D. KavokinA.V. KhaliliF.Y. KiktenkoE.O. KolachevskyN.N. KurochkinY.V. LvovskyA.I. RubtsovA.N. ShlyapnikovG.V. StraupeS.S. UstinovA.V. ZheltikovA.M. 2019 Quantum technologies in Russia Quantum Science and Technology 4 4 040501 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab4472 10.1088/2058-9565/ab4472 Search in Google Scholar

González-Alcaide, G., Park, J., Huamaní, C., & Ramos, J.M. (2017). Dominance and leadership in research activities: Collaboration between countries of differing human development is reflected through authorship order and designation as corresponding authors in scientific publications. PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0182513. https://doi.org/10/gbqt6b González-AlcaideG. ParkJ. HuamaníC. RamosJ.M. 2017 Dominance and leadership in research activities: Collaboration between countries of differing human development is reflected through authorship order and designation as corresponding authors in scientific publications PLOS ONE 12 8 e0182513 https://doi.org/10/gbqt6b 10.1371/journal.pone.0182513 Search in Google Scholar

Haeffner-Cavaillon, N., & Graillot-Gak, C. (2009). The use of bibliometric indicators to help peer-review assessment. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis, 57(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-009-0004-2 Haeffner-CavaillonN. Graillot-GakC. 2009 The use of bibliometric indicators to help peer-review assessment Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 57 1 33 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-009-0004-2 10.1007/s00005-009-0004-2 Search in Google Scholar

Hagen, N.T. (2010). Harmonic publication and citation counting: Sharing authorship credit equitably—not equally, geometrically or arithmetically. Scientometrics, 84(3), 785–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0129-4 HagenN.T. 2010 Harmonic publication and citation counting: Sharing authorship credit equitably—not equally, geometrically or arithmetically Scientometrics 84 3 785 793 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0129-4 10.1007/s11192-009-0129-4 Search in Google Scholar

Harnad, S. (2008). Validating Research Performance Metrics Against Peer Rankings. Ethics in Science & Environmental Politics, 8(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.3354/esep00088 HarnadS. 2008 Validating Research Performance Metrics Against Peer Rankings Ethics in Science & Environmental Politics 8 1 111 120 https://doi.org/10.3354/esep00088 10.3354/esep00088 Search in Google Scholar

He, T.W. (2009). International scientific collaboration of China with the G7 countries. Scientometrics, 80(3), 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-2043-y HeT.W. 2009 International scientific collaboration of China with the G7 countries Scientometrics 80 3 571 582 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-2043-y 10.1007/s11192-007-2043-y Search in Google Scholar

Hodge, S.E., Greenberg, D.A., & Challice, C.E. (1981). Publication Credit. Science, 213(4511), 950–952. HodgeS.E. GreenbergD.A. ChalliceC.E. 1981 Publication Credit Science 213 4511 950 952 10.1126/science.213.4511.950.b Search in Google Scholar

Inglesi-Lotz, R., & Pouris, A. (2011). Scientometric impact assessment of a research policy instrument: The case of rating researchers on scientific outputs in South Africa. Scientometrics, 88(3), 747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0440-8. Inglesi-LotzR. PourisA. 2011 Scientometric impact assessment of a research policy instrument: The case of rating researchers on scientific outputs in South Africa Scientometrics 88 3 747 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0440-8. 10.1007/s11192-011-0440-8 Search in Google Scholar

International Monetary Fund. (2018). World Economic Outlook, April 2018: Cyclical Upswing Structural Change. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2018/03/20/world-economic-outlook-april-2018 International Monetary Fund 2018 World Economic Outlook, April 2018: Cyclical Upswing Structural Change IMF https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2018/03/20/world-economic-outlook-april-2018 Search in Google Scholar

Jia, Z.J., Hong, B., Chen, D.M., Huang, Q.H., Yang, Z.G., Yin, C., Deng, X.Q., & Liu, J.M. (2014). China's Growing Contribution to Global Intracranial Aneurysm Research (1991–2012): A Bibliometric Study. PLOS ONE, 9(3), e91594. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091594 JiaZ.J. HongB. ChenD.M. HuangQ.H. YangZ.G. YinC. DengX.Q. LiuJ.M. 2014 China's Growing Contribution to Global Intracranial Aneurysm Research (1991–2012): A Bibliometric Study PLOS ONE 9 3 e91594 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091594 10.1371/journal.pone.0091594 Search in Google Scholar

Kato, M., & Ando, A. (2017). National ties of international scientific collaboration and researcher mobility found in Nature and Science. Scientometrics, 110(2), 673–694. https://doi.org/10/f9vc64 KatoM. AndoA. 2017 National ties of international scientific collaboration and researcher mobility found in Nature and Science Scientometrics 110 2 673 694 https://doi.org/10/f9vc64 10.1007/s11192-016-2183-z Search in Google Scholar

Kim, J., & Diesner, J. (2014). A network-based approach to coauthorship credit allocation. Scientometrics, 101(1), 587–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-014-1253-3 KimJ. DiesnerJ. 2014 A network-based approach to coauthorship credit allocation Scientometrics 101 1 587 602 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-014-1253-3 10.1007/s11192-014-1253-3 Search in Google Scholar

Lindsey, D. (1980). Production and Citation Measures in the Sociology of Science: The Problem of Multiple Authorship. Social Studies of Science, 10(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631278001000202 LindseyD. 1980 Production and Citation Measures in the Sociology of Science: The Problem of Multiple Authorship Social Studies of Science 10 2 145 162 https://doi.org/10.1177/030631278001000202 10.1177/030631278001000202 Search in Google Scholar

Liu, J., & Mei, Y.E. (2015). Research on the Subject Development Forecast Based on ESl and lnCites—Taking China University of Geosciences as an Example. Sci-Tech Information Development & Economy. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-KJQB201506056.htm LiuJ. MeiY.E. 2015 Research on the Subject Development Forecast Based on ESl and lnCites—Taking China University of Geosciences as an Example Sci-Tech Information Development & Economy http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-KJQB201506056.htm Search in Google Scholar

Liu, X.Z., & Fang, H. (2012a). Fairly sharing the credit of multi-authored papers and its application in the modification of h-index and g-index. Scientometrics, 91(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0571-y LiuX.Z. FangH. 2012a Fairly sharing the credit of multi-authored papers and its application in the modification of h-index and g-index Scientometrics 91 1 37 49 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0571-y 10.1007/s11192-011-0571-y Search in Google Scholar

Liu, X.Z., & Fang, H. (2012b). Modifying h-index by allocating credit of multi-authored papers whose author names rank based on contribution. Journal of Informetrics, 6(4), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2012.05.002 LiuX.Z. FangH. 2012b Modifying h-index by allocating credit of multi-authored papers whose author names rank based on contribution Journal of Informetrics 6 4 557 565 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2012.05.002 10.1016/j.joi.2012.05.002 Search in Google Scholar

Lukovits, I., & Vinkler, P. (1995). Correct credit distribution: A model for sharing credit... Social Indicators Research. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9601233217&site=ehost-live LukovitsI. VinklerP. 1995 Correct credit distribution: A model for sharing credit... Social Indicators Research http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9601233217&site=ehost-live 10.1007/BF01079398 Search in Google Scholar

Ma, T.C., Li, R.N., Ou, G.Y., & Yue, M.L. (2018). Topic based research competitiveness evaluation. Scientometrics, 117(2), 789–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2891-7 MaT.C. LiR.N. OuG.Y. YueM.L. 2018 Topic based research competitiveness evaluation Scientometrics 117 2 789 803 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2891-7 10.1007/s11192-018-2891-7 Search in Google Scholar

Mallapaty, S. (2021). China's five-year plan focuses on scientific self-reliance. Nature, 591(7850), 353–354. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00638-3 MallapatyS. 2021 China's five-year plan focuses on scientific self-reliance Nature 591 7850 353 354 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00638-3 10.1038/d41586-021-00638-333707693 Search in Google Scholar

Mokhnacheva, Yu, V., & Kharybina, T.N. (2011). Research performance of RAS institutions and Russian universities: A comparative bibliometric analysis. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 81(6), 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331611060104 MokhnachevaYu V. KharybinaT.N. 2011 Research performance of RAS institutions and Russian universities: A comparative bibliometric analysis Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 81 6 569 574 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331611060104 10.1134/S1019331611060104 Search in Google Scholar

Morris, S.A., Yen, G., Wu, Z., & Asnake, B. (2003). Time line visualization of research fronts. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54(5), 413–422. MorrisS.A. YenG. WuZ. AsnakeB. 2003 Time line visualization of research fronts Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 54 5 413 422 10.1002/asi.10227 Search in Google Scholar

Padma, T.V. (2020). India bets big on quantum technology [News]. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00288-x PadmaT.V. 2020 India bets big on quantum technology [News] Nature https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00288-x 10.1038/d41586-020-00288-x Search in Google Scholar

Salehi, A.A. (2021). Iran has started developing quantum technology, Salehi says. Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/457400/Iran-has-started-developing-quantum-technology-Salehi-says SalehiA.A. 2021 Iran has started developing quantum technology, Salehi says Tehran Times https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/457400/Iran-has-started-developing-quantum-technology-Salehi-says Search in Google Scholar

Salton, G., & Mcgill, M.J. Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Copany, 1983. SaltonG. McgillM.J. Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval [M]. New York McGraw-Hill Book Copany 1983 Search in Google Scholar

Shibata, N., Kajikawa, Y., Takeda, Y., & Matsushima, K. (2008). Detecting emerging research fronts based on topological measures in citation networks of scientific publications. Technovation, 28(11), 758–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2008.03.009 ShibataN. KajikawaY. TakedaY. MatsushimaK. 2008 Detecting emerging research fronts based on topological measures in citation networks of scientific publications Technovation 28 11 758 775 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2008.03.009 10.1016/j.technovation.2008.03.009 Search in Google Scholar

Small, H., Boyack, K.W., & Klavans, R. (2014). Identifying emerging topics in science and technology. Research Policy, 43(8), 1450–1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.02.005 SmallH. BoyackK.W. KlavansR. 2014 Identifying emerging topics in science and technology Research Policy 43 8 1450 1467 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.02.005 10.1016/j.respol.2014.02.005 Search in Google Scholar

Small, H., & Upham, P. (2009). Citation structure of an emerging research area on the verge of application. Scientometrics, 79(2), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0424-0 SmallH. UphamP. 2009 Citation structure of an emerging research area on the verge of application Scientometrics 79 2 365 375 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0424-0 10.1007/s11192-009-0424-0 Search in Google Scholar

Smith-Goodson, P. (2019). Quantum USA Vs. Quantum China: The World's Most Important Technology Race. https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2019/10/10/quantum-usa-vs-quantum-china-the-worlds-most-important-technology-race/?sh=6f76589e72de Smith-GoodsonP. 2019 Quantum USA Vs. Quantum China: The World's Most Important Technology Race https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2019/10/10/quantum-usa-vs-quantum-china-the-worlds-most-important-technology-race/?sh=6f76589e72de Search in Google Scholar

Tollefson, J. (2018). China declared world's largest producer of scientific articles. Nature, 553(7689), 390–390. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4 TollefsonJ. 2018 China declared world's largest producer of scientific articles Nature 553 7689 390 390 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4 10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4 Search in Google Scholar

Van Hooydonk, G. (1997). Fractional counting of multiauthored publications: Consequences for the impact of authors. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48(10), 944–945. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199710)48:10<944::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-1 Van HooydonkG. 1997 Fractional counting of multiauthored publications: Consequences for the impact of authors Journal of the American Society for Information Science 48 10 944 945 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199710)48:10<944::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-1 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199710)48:10<944::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-1 Search in Google Scholar

Wang, L.L., & Wang, X.W. (2017). Who sets up the bridge? Tracking scientific collaborations between China and the European Union. Research Evaluation, 2. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvx009 WangL.L. WangX.W. 2017 Who sets up the bridge? Tracking scientific collaborations between China and the European Union Research Evaluation 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvx009 10.1093/reseval/rvx009 Search in Google Scholar

Wang, X.W., Xu, S.M., Wang, Z., Peng, L., & Wang, C.L. (2013). International scientific collaboration of China: Collaborating countries, institutions and individuals. Scientometrics, 95(3), 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0877-4 WangX.W. XuS.M. WangZ. PengL. WangC.L. 2013 International scientific collaboration of China: Collaborating countries, institutions and individuals Scientometrics 95 3 885 894 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0877-4 10.1007/s11192-012-0877-4 Search in Google Scholar

Wang, W.P. (2014). Study on the Patterns and Impacts of China's International Scientific and Technological Collaboration Based on Scientometrics. Doctoral dissertation, Beijing Institute of Technology. WangW.P. 2014 Study on the Patterns and Impacts of China's International Scientific and Technological Collaboration Based on Scientometrics Doctoral dissertation, Beijing Institute of Technology Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Z.Q., Chen, Y.W., Tao, C., Xu, J., & TIAN, Q.F. (2018). Bibliometric Analysis on International Competitive Situation of Quantum Information Research. WORLD SCI-TECH R&D, 40(1), 37–49. ZhangZ.Q. ChenY.W. TaoC. XuJ. TIANQ.F. 2018 Bibliometric Analysis on International Competitive Situation of Quantum Information Research WORLD SCI-TECH R&D 40 1 37 49 Search in Google Scholar

Zheng, J., Zhao, Z.Y., Zhang, X., Chen, D.Z., & Huang, M.H. (2014). International collaboration development in nanotechnology: A perspective of patent network analysis. Scientometrics, 98(1), 683–702. https://doi.org/10/f5ns65 ZhengJ. ZhaoZ.Y. ZhangX. ChenD.Z. HuangM.H. 2014 International collaboration development in nanotechnology: A perspective of patent network analysis Scientometrics 98 1 683 702 https://doi.org/10/f5ns65 10.1007/s11192-013-1081-x Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, P., & Glänzel, W. (2010). In-depth analysis on China's international cooperation in science. Scientometrics, 82(3), 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0174-z ZhouP. GlänzelW. 2010 In-depth analysis on China's international cooperation in science Scientometrics 82 3 597 612 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0174-z 10.1007/s11192-010-0174-z Search in Google Scholar

Zou, Y.W., & Laubichler, M.D. (2017). Measuring the contributions of Chinese scholars to the research field of systems biology from 2005 to 2013. Scientometrics, 110(3), 1615–1631. https://doi.org/10/f9vfz2 ZouY.W. LaubichlerM.D. 2017 Measuring the contributions of Chinese scholars to the research field of systems biology from 2005 to 2013 Scientometrics 110 3 1615 1631 https://doi.org/10/f9vfz2 10.1007/s11192-016-2213-x Search in Google Scholar