Properties of Honey and Pollen Samples Obtained from Different  Species Collected from Black Sea Region of Turkey

Sezai Alkan; Mert Akgün; Ömer Ertürk; Melek Çol Ayvaz; Ceren Başkan

Open Access

Properties of Honey and Pollen Samples Obtained from Different Rhododendron Species Collected from Black Sea Region of Turkey

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| Dec 18, 2020

Journal of Apicultural Science

Volume 64 (2020): Issue 2 (December 2020)

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Cite

Published Online: Dec 18, 2020

Page range: 321 - 334

Received: Mar 04, 2020

Accepted: Jul 26, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0028

Keywords
anti-cholinesterase, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, DNA damage, honey quality, phenolic content,

© 2020 Sezai Alkan et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

SEM images of pollen samples obtained from A) R. ponticum, B) R. caucasicum, and C) R. luteum.

Electrophoretograms of the interaction of pUC18 plasmid DNA with increasing concentrations of R. caucasicum polen, R. luteum polen, R. ponticum polen, respectively. Lane 1: H2O2+pUC18 DNA; Lane 2: pUC18 DNA; Lane 3: THF+pUC18 DNA; Lane 4: TE+pUC18 DNA; Lane 5: H2O2 +pUC18 DNA+6.25 mg/ml extract; Lane 6: H2O2+pUC18 DNA+12.5 mg/ml extract; Lane 7: H2O2+ pUC18 DNA+25 mg/ml extract; Lane 8: H2O2+pUC18+DNA+50 mg/mL extract.

Electrophoretograms of the interaction of pUC18 plasmid DNA with increasing concentrations of R. caucasicum honey, R. luteum honey, R. ponticum honey, respectively. Lane 1: pUC18 DNA; Lane 2: H2O2 + pUC18 DNA; Lane 3: DMSO + pUC18 DNA; Lane 4,9,14: H2O2+pUC18 DNA+3.125 mg/mL extract. Lane 5,10,15: H2O2+pUC18 DNA+6.25 mg/mL extract; Lane 6,11,16: H2O2+pUC18 DNA+12.5 mg/mL extract; Lane 7,12,17: H2O2+ pUC18 DNA + 25 mg/mL extract; Lane 8, 13,18: H2O2+ pUC18 DNA+50 mg/mL extract.

Total phenolic content and antioxidative activity values of honey and pollen samples

Samples	Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g sample)	DPPH (SC₅₀; mg/mL)	FRAP (mM TX/g sample)	Inhibition ratio (%) on LAP of the samples at 0.1 mg/mL
R. ponticum honey	0.04±0.01	64.002±2.49	0.409±0.01	14.695±1.25
R. luteum honey	0.22±0.02	35.634±1.95	2.025±0.05	8.550±0.05
R. caucasicum honey	0.92±0.15	16.652±0.80	3.588±0.06	12.563±0.70
R. ponticum pollen	25.81±1.85	1.054±0.85	6.177±0.03	9.368±1.03
R. luteum pollen	13.63±0.77	1.018±0.83	2.676±0.25	17.174±1.55
R. caucasicum pollen	23.10±1.09	0.496±0.01	4.162±0.30	37.158±2.25

Biochemical content and physicochemical parameters of honey samples

	Samples	R. luteum honey	R. ponticum honey	R. caucasicum honey

No	Analysis	Result	Result	Result	Limits	Method
1	Fructose (g/100g)	35.40	38.80	38.80	-	IHC, 2009
2	Glucose (g/100g)	30.20	27.30	28.30	-	IHC, 2009
3	Fructose + Glucose (g/100g)	65.60	66.10	67.10	Minimum 60
4	Fructose / Glucose	1.17	1.42	1.37	0.9–1.45
5	Sucrose (g/100g)	1.70	3.40	4.30	Maximum 5	IHC, 2009
6	Maltose (g/100g)	1.70	1.80	0.80	-	IHC, 2009
7	Proline (mg/kg)	550.9	248.8	923.0	Minimum 300	TS 13357
8	Number of diastases	10	8.0	15.5	Minimum 8	IHC, 2009
9	Moisture (g/100g)	21.61	22.35	22.31	Maximum 20
10	Brix (g/100g)	76.81	76.09	76.13	-
11	pH	4.0	3.8	4.3	-
12	Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm)	0.712	0.304	1.20	Maximum 0.8
13	Free Acidity (meq/kg)	24	15	24.0	Maximum 50
14	HMF (mg/kg)	0.60	0.50	0.90	Maximum 40

Zones of inhibition (mm) showing the antimicrobial activity of honey and pollen samples

Samples	S.a.	B.c.	K.p.	E.c.	C.f.	L.m.	E.f.	C.a.	S.c.	P.a.
R. luteum honey	21.0±0.46 ^c	19.6±0.17 ^d	19.9±0.50 ^b	23.5±0.41 ^b	15.3±0.04 ^b	23.2±0.76 ^c	27.3±0.53 ^b	25.4±0.28 ^b	26.5±0.84 ^a	14.4±0.54 ^c
R. luteum pollen	22.5±0.53 ^bc	23.5±0.71 ^c	14.0±0.52 ^e	17.8±0.66 ^d	22.6±1.42 ^a	23.3±1.20 ^c	21.4±0.79 ^c	25.9±0.36 ^ab	26.9±0.61 ^a	14.4±0.054 ^c
R. ponticum honey	25.8±0.64 ^a	25.9±1,00 ^abc	17.4±0.29 ^c	21.5±0.52 ^bc	17.5±1.05 ^b	22.5±0.31 ^c	25.5±0.38 ^b	27.2±0.31 ^a	26.5±0.71 ^a	15.7±0.34 ^bc
R. ponticum pollen	24.1±0.90 ^ab	25.6±0.64 ^abc	22.6±0.34 ^a	23.2±0.57 ^b	15.2±1.33 ^b	15.2±1.33 ^d	26.1±0.80 ^b	26.1±0.35 ^ab	26.3±0.79 ^a	16.8±0.21 ^bc
R. caucasicum honey	25.0±0.32 ^a	25.0±0.44 ^bc	16.1±0.76 ^cd	22.9±1.03 ^b	17.3±1.14 ^b	24.3±0.35 ^bc	18.8±0.60 ^c	27.0±0.31 ^a	27.0±0.35 ^a	16.4±0.61 ^bc
R. caucasicum pollen	23.8±0.37 ^ab	26.8±0.69 ^ab	15.8±0.29 ^cde	27.8±0.04 ^a	14.4±0.43 ^b	25.7±0.17 ^bc	25.5±0.67 ^b	26.2±0.30 ^ab	26.6±0.60 ^a	17.7±0.90 ^b
Ampicillin	10.0±0.00 ^d	26.5±0.29 ^ab	15.3±0.09 ^de	19.8±0.03 ^cd	16.3±0.55 ^b	27.5±0.37 ^b	34.0±0.58 ^a	N.D.	N.D.	28.6±0.23 ^a
Cephazolin	7.0±0.00 ^e	27.9±0.55 ^a	16.2±0.30 ^cd	18.8±0.17 ^d	16.2±0.70 ^b	32.6±0.38 ^a	28.2±0.44 ^b	N.D.	N.D.	27.9±0.57 ^a
Nystatin	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	17.3±0.32 ^c	17.7±0.55 ^b	N.D.
Solvent	6.0±0.00 ^e	6.0±0.00 ^e	6.0±0.00 ^f	6.0±0.00 ^e	6.0±0.00 ^c	6.0±0.00 ^e	6.0±0.00 ^d	6.0±0.00 ^d	6.0±0.00 ^c	N.D.

Acetylcholinesterase and butrylcholinesterase inhibition potentials (%) of the samples at 0.5 mg/mL concentration

Samples	AChE	BuChE
R. ponticum honey	11.781±1.50	0.099±0.02
R. luteum honey	50.330±2.65	N.D.
R. caucasicum honey	5.750±0.96	0.790±0.35
R. ponticum pollen	3.487±0.03	18.855±2.55
R. luteum pollen	8.671±0.85	7.601±1.00
R. caucasicum pollen	10.933±1.04	4.343±0.55
Galantamine	85.203±3.00	24.778±3.25

Minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) expressed as μg /mL of honey and pollen samples to inhibit 100% of the microbial growth in vitro

Samples	S.a.	B.c.	K.p.	E.c.	C.f.	L.m.	E.f.	C.a.	S.c.	P.a.
R. luteum honey	750≤	375≤	750≤	375≤	750≤	375≤	750≤	375≤	750≤	1500≤
R. luteum pollen	375≤	375≤	375≤	375≤	750≤	375≤	750≤	187.5≤	187.5≤	1500≤
R ponticum honey	375≤	375≤	750≤	375≤	375≤	375≤	750≤	187.5≤	187.5≤	1500≤
R ponticum pollen	375≤	375≤	750≤	375≤	375≤	375≤	750≤	187.5≤	375≤	750≤
R. caucasicum honey	375≤	375≤	375≤	375≤	750≤	375≤	375≤	187.5≤	375≤	750≤
R. caucasicum pollen	375≤	750≤	375≤	750≤	750≤	750≤	375≤	187.5≤	187.5≤	750≤
Ampicillin	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	N.D.	N.D.	23.375 ≤
Cephazolin	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	11.687 ≤	N.D.	N.D.	23.375 ≤
Nystatin	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	23.375 ≤	23.375 ≤	N.D.
Solvent	-	-	-	-	-	-	-			-

The amount of phenolic compounds (mg/g sample) in honey and pollen samples

Standards	R. luteum honey	R. ponticum honey	R. caucasicum honey	R. luteum pollen	R. ponticum pollen	R. caucasicum pollen
Gallic acid	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
Protocateuic acid	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
p-OH Benzoic acid	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
Catechin	3.76	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
Caffeic acid	N.D.	6.33	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
Syringic acid	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	21.88
Epicatechin	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
p-Coumaric acid	2.30	3.93	3.31	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
Ferulic acid	N.D.	6.07	8.26	N.D.	38.19	N.D.
Rutin	N.D.	N.D.	40.47	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
Myerecetin	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	506.96	497.08	624.27
Resveratrol	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
Daidzein	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.
Luteolin	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	16.91	207.61	N.D.
t-Cinnamic acid	0.57	0.86	1.08	14.59	63.93	34.89
Hesperetin	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	N.D.	39.83
Chyrisin	16.81	27.44	20.16	N.D.	N.D.	112.89
Pinocembrin	2.31	4.11	2.71	N.D.	N.D.	43.90
Phenylethyl caffeate	3.70	4.84	2.34	N.D.	N.D.	63.17

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Properties of Honey and Pollen Samples Obtained from Different Rhododendron Species Collected from Black Sea Region of Turkey

Article Category: Original Article

Published Online: Dec 18, 2020

Page range: 321 - 334

Received: Mar 04, 2020

Accepted: Jul 26, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0028

Keywords
anti-cholinesterase, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, DNA damage, honey quality, phenolic content,

© 2020 Sezai Alkan et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Total phenolic content and antioxidative activity values of honey and pollen samples

Biochemical content and physicochemical parameters of honey samples

Zones of inhibition (mm) showing the antimicrobial activity of honey and pollen samples

Acetylcholinesterase and butrylcholinesterase inhibition potentials (%) of the samples at 0.5 mg/mL concentration

Minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) expressed as μg /mL of honey and pollen samples to inhibit 100% of the microbial growth in vitro

The amount of phenolic compounds (mg/g sample) in honey and pollen samples

Properties of Honey and Pollen Samples Obtained from Different Rhododendron Species Collected from Black Sea Region of Turkey

Article Category: Original Article

Published Online: Dec 18, 2020

Page range: 321 - 334

Received: Mar 04, 2020

Accepted: Jul 26, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0028

Keywordsanti-cholinesterase, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, DNA damage, honey quality, phenolic content,

© 2020 Sezai Alkan et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Total phenolic content and antioxidative activity values of honey and pollen samples

Biochemical content and physicochemical parameters of honey samples

Zones of inhibition (mm) showing the antimicrobial activity of honey and pollen samples

Acetylcholinesterase and butrylcholinesterase inhibition potentials (%) of the samples at 0.5 mg/mL concentration

Minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) expressed as μg /mL of honey and pollen samples to inhibit 100% of the microbial growth in vitro

The amount of phenolic compounds (mg/g sample) in honey and pollen samples

Keywords
anti-cholinesterase, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, DNA damage, honey quality, phenolic content,