Sub-chronic oral toxicity assessment (90 days) of ethanolic fraction of leaves of Neurocalyx calycinus (R. Br. ex Benn.) Rob. in rodents: A lesser known ethnomedicinal plant from the Cholanaickan tribal community, India

Adewale OB, Onasanya A, Anadozie SO, Abu MF, Akintan IA, Ogbole CJ, Olayide II, Afolabi OB, Jaiyesimi KF, Ajiboye BO, Fadaka AO. (2016). Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of Crassocephalum rubens leaves in rats. J Ethnopharmacol188: 153–158.10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.003Search in Google Scholar

Aneesh TP, Hisham M, Sekhar S, Madhu M, Deepa TV. (2009). International market scenario of traditional Indian herbal drugs – India declining. Int J green pharm3: 184.10.4103/0973-8258.56271Search in Google Scholar

Anitua E, Andia I, Ardanza B, Nurden P, Nurden AT. (2004). Autologous platelets as a source of proteins for healing and tissue regeneration. Thromb Haemost 91: 4–15.10.1160/TH03-07-0440Search in Google Scholar

Bailey SA, Zidell RH, Perry RW. (2004). Relationships between organ weight and body/brain weight in the rat: What is the best analytical Endpoint? Toxicol Pathol32: 448–466.10.1080/0192623049046587415204968Search in Google Scholar

Bremer B. (1979). The genus Neurocalyx (Rubiaceae–Argostemmateae) in Ceylon. Bot Not132: 399–407.Search in Google Scholar

Bremer B. (1987). Genus Neurocalyx, in: Dassanayake MD, Fosberg FR. (Eds.), A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 322–326.Search in Google Scholar

Chinedu E, Arome D, Ameh FS. (2013). A new method for determining acute toxicity in animal models. Toxicol Int20: 224–226.10.4103/0971-6580.121674Search in Google Scholar

Ezeja MI, Anaga AO, Asuzu IU. (2014). Acute and sub-chronic toxicity profile of methanol leaf extract of Gouania longipetala in rats. J Ethnopharmacol151: 1155–1164.10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.034Search in Google Scholar

Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. (2001). The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environ Health Perspect109: 69–75.10.1289/ehp.01109s169Search in Google Scholar

Galle PR, Theilmann L, Raedsch R, Otto G, Stiehl A. (1990). Ursodeoxycholate reduces hepatotoxicity of bile salts in primary human hepatocytes. Hepatology12: 486–491.10.1002/hep.1840120307Search in Google Scholar

Gonzalez-Flecha B, Evelson P, Sterin-Speziale N, Boveris A. (1993). Hydrogen peroxide metabolism and oxidative stress in cortical, medullary and papillary zones of rat kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj1157: 155–161.10.1016/0304-4165(93)90059-HSearch in Google Scholar

Harborne JB. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis, 3rd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York.Search in Google Scholar

Hartree EF. (1972). Determination of protein: A modification of the Lowry method that gives a linear photometric response. Anal Biochem48: 422–427.10.1016/0003-2697(72)90094-2Search in Google Scholar

Hashmi S, Singh VK. (2003). Importance of Pharmacognosy as an aid to drug standardisation programme: a review, in: Singh VK, Govil JN, Hashmi S, Singh G. (Eds.), Recent progress in medicinal plants: Ethnomedicine and Pharmacognosy-II, volume 7. Studium press LLC., United States. 339–346.Search in Google Scholar

Hellmold H, Nilsson CB, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Kenne K, Warngard L. (2002). Identification of end points relevant to detection of potentially adverse drug reactions. Toxicol Lett127: 239–243.10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00505-7Search in Google Scholar

Hilaly JE, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. (2004). Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuga iva in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol91: 43–50.10.1016/j.jep.2003.11.009Search in Google Scholar

Hoffmann D, Adler M, Vaidya VS, Rached E, Mulrane L, Gallagher WM, Callanan JJ, Gautier JC, Matheis K, Staedtler F, Dieterle F, Brandenburg A, Sposny A, Hewitt P, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Bonventre JV, Dekant W, Mally A. (2010). Performance of novel kidney Biomarkers in preclinical toxicity studies. Toxicol Sci116: 8–22.10.1093/toxsci/kfq029Search in Google Scholar

Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. (1984). A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase. Indian J Biochem Biophys21: 130–132.Search in Google Scholar

Knighton DR, Ciresi KF, Fiegel VD, Austin LL, Butler EL. (1986). Classification and treatment of chronic non-healing wounds. Successful treatment with autologous platelet-derived wound healing factors (PDWHF). Ann Surg204: 322–330.10.1097/00000658-198609000-00011Search in Google Scholar

Kramer JA, Sagartz JE, Morris DL. (2007). The application of discovery toxicology and pathology towards the design of safer pharmaceutical lead candidates. Nat Rev Drug Discov6: 636–649.10.1038/nrd2378Search in Google Scholar

Kushwaha SK, Dashora A, Dashora N, Patel JR, Kori ML. (2013). Acute oral toxicity studies of the standardized methanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn. J Pharm Res6: 720–724.10.1016/j.jopr.2013.04.020Search in Google Scholar

Lorke D. (1983). A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch. Toxicol.54: 275–287.10.1007/BF01234480Search in Google Scholar

Martins D, Nunez CV. (2015). Secondary metabolites from Rubiaceae species. Molecules20: 13422–13495.10.3390/molecules200713422Search in Google Scholar

Mates JM, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Marquez J. (2008). Intracellular redox status and oxidative stress: Implications for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol82: 273–299.10.1007/s00204-008-0304-zSearch in Google Scholar

Mathur PRG. (2013). Traditional Knowledge of the Cholanaickan and Kurumba: The hunter gatherers of Kerala. J Traditional Folk practices1: 19–30.Search in Google Scholar

Menon M. (1996). The Encyclopaedia of Dravidian Tribes, second vol. The International school of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, India.Search in Google Scholar

Michael B, Yano B, Sellers RS, Perry R, Morton D, Roome N, Johnson JK, Schafer K, Pitsch S. (2007). Evaluation of organ weights for rodent and non-rodent toxicity studies: A review of regulatory guidelines and a survey of current practices. Toxicol. Pathol35: 742–750.10.1080/01926230701595292Search in Google Scholar

Mukinda JT, Syce JA. (2007). Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of artemisia afra in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol.112: 138–144.10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.011Search in Google Scholar

Nicholson JK, Connelly J, Lindon JC, Holmes E. (2002). Metabonomics: A platform for studying drug toxicity and gene function. Nat Rev Drug Discov1: 153–161.10.1038/nrd728Search in Google Scholar

OECD (The Organisation of Economic Co-operation Development)., 1998. Test guidelines No. 408: Repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in Rodents, OECD Publishing, Paris.Search in Google Scholar

OECD (The Organisation of Economic Co-operation Development)., 2002. Test guidelines No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity – Acute Toxic Class Method, OECD Publishing, Paris.Search in Google Scholar

Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem95: 351–358.10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3Search in Google Scholar

Ozer J, Ratner M, Shaw M, Bailey W, Schomaker S. (2008). The current state of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. Toxicology245: 194–205.10.1016/j.tox.2007.11.021Search in Google Scholar

Petterino C, Argentino-Storino A. (2006). Clinical chemistry and haematology historical data in control Sprague-Dawley rats from pre-clinical toxicity studies. Exp Toxicol Pathol57: 213–219.10.1016/j.etp.2005.10.002Search in Google Scholar

Pinto RE, Bartley W. (1969). The effect of age and sex on glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities and on aerobic glutathione oxidation in rat liver homogenates. Biochem J112: 109–115.10.1042/bj1120109Search in Google Scholar

Ramaiah SK. (2007). A toxicologist guide to the diagnostic interpretation of hepatic biochemical parameters. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45: 1551–1557.10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.007Search in Google Scholar

Rates SM. (2001). Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon39: 603–613.10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00154-9Search in Google Scholar

Sanders RA, Rauscher FM, Watkins JB. (2001). Effects of quercetin on antioxidant defense in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol15: 143–149.10.1002/jbt.11Search in Google Scholar

Saradamma L, Nair CPR, Bhat AV, Rajasekharan S. (1994). Final technical Report: All India Co-ordinate Research Project on Ethnobiology-Phase II.Search in Google Scholar

Sellers RS, Morton D, Michael B, Roome N, Johnson JK, Yano BL, Perry R, Schafer K. (2007). Society of Toxicologic pathology position paper: Organ weight recommendations for toxicology studies. Toxicol Pathol35: 751–755.10.1080/01926230701595300Search in Google Scholar

Sheweita SA, El-Gabar MA, Bastawy M. (2001). Carbon tetrachloride-induced changes in the activity of phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme in the liver of male rats: Role of antioxidants. Toxicology165: 217–224.10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00429-2Search in Google Scholar

Shokryazdan P, Jahromi MF, Liang JB, Kalavathy R, Sieo CC, Ho YW. (2016). Safety assessment of Two new Lactobacillus strains as Probiotic for human using a rat model. PLOS ONE11: e0159851.10.1371/journal.pone.0159851Search in Google Scholar

Sinha AK. (1972). Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem47: 389–394.10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7Search in Google Scholar

Sofowora A. (1982). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. John Wiley and Sons, United Kingdom.Search in Google Scholar

Speakman JR, McQueenie J. (1996). Limits to sustained metabolic rate: The link between food intake, Basal metabolic rate, and morphology in reproducing mice, mus musculus. Physiol Zool. 69: 746–769.10.1086/physzool.69.4.30164228Search in Google Scholar

Sutcu R, Altuntas I, Yildirim B, Karahan N, Demirin H, Delibas N. (2006). The effects of subchronic methidathion toxicity on rat liver: Role of antioxidant vitamins C and E. Cell Biol Toxicol22: 221–227.10.1007/s10565-006-0039-7Search in Google Scholar

Suvarna KS, Layton C, Bancroft JD. (2012). Bancroft’s theory and practice of histological techniques, 7th ed. Elsevier Science Health Science div, Oxford.Search in Google Scholar

Takhtajan A. (2009). Flowering plants, 2nd ed. Springer Science, New York.10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9Search in Google Scholar

Teo S, Stirling D, Thomas S, Hoberman A, Kiorpes A, Khetani V. (2002). A 90-day oral gavage toxicity study of d-methylphenidate and d, l-methylpheni-date in Sprague–Dawley rats. Toxicology179: 183–196.10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00338-4Search in Google Scholar

Tietze F. (1969). Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues. Anal Biochem27: 502–522.10.1016/0003-2697(69)90064-5Search in Google Scholar

Vasan RS. (2006). Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: Molecular basis and practical considerations. Circulation113: 2335–2362.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.482570Search in Google Scholar

Viswanathan MB, Manikandan U, Tangavelou AC. (2005). A new species of Neurocalyx (Rubiaceae) from Peninsular India. Nord J Bot23: 389–394.10.1111/j.1756-1051.2003.tb00410.xSearch in Google Scholar

Weydert CJ, Cullen JJ. (2009). Measurement of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cultured cells and tissue. Nat Protoc5: 51–66.10.1038/nprot.2009.197Search in Google Scholar

Wolf PL. (1999). Biochemical diagnosis of liver disease. Indian J Clin Biochem14: 59–90.10.1007/BF02869152Search in Google Scholar

Yao P, Li K, Song F, Zhou S, Sun X, Zhang X, Nussler AK, Liu L. (2007). Heme oxygenase-1 upregulated by ginkgo biloba extract: Potential protection against ethanol-induced oxidative liver damage. Food Chem Toxicol45: 1333–1342.10.1016/j.fct.2007.01.016Search in Google Scholar