<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec><h3>Introduction and Aims</h3><p>Entrepreneurship and the business environment, in general, are being influenced by the existence of formal and informal institutions. This study focuses on the negative versus positive perceptions of Moroccan, Chinese, and German entrepreneurs to formal and informal institutions, and the associations of these perceptions with self-efficacy and market versus network orientation of the business environment.</p></sec><sec><h3>Methods</h3><p>In a sample of <italic>n</italic> = 319 female and male entrepreneurs, we have examined similarities and differences in the perception of informal and formal institutions and their effects on self-efficacy and business strategy, while conducting <italic>t</italic>-tests and linear regressions.</p></sec><sec><h3>Results</h3><p>In all three cultural contexts, both formal and informal institutions play a significant role because of different reasons.</p></sec><sec><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The nature of entrepreneurship is complex as both formal and informal institutional factors are differently associated with businesses. The results could enhance the understanding regarding the coexistence of formal or informal institutions within the business environments of different countries and the connections between business orientation and self-efficacy.</p></sec></abstract>

Introduction and AimsEntrepreneurship and the business environment, in general, are being influenced by the existence of formal and informal institutions. This study focuses on the negative versus positive perceptions of Moroccan, Chinese, and German entrepreneurs to formal and informal institutions, and the associations of these perceptions with self-efficacy and market versus network orientation of the business environment.MethodsIn a sample of n = 319 female and male entrepreneurs, we have examined similarities and differences in the perception of informal and formal institutions and their effects on self-efficacy and business strategy, while conducting t-tests and linear regressions.ResultsIn all three cultural contexts, both formal and informal institutions play a significant role because of different reasons.ConclusionThe nature of entrepreneurship is complex as both formal and informal institutional factors are differently associated with businesses. The results could enhance the understanding regarding the coexistence of formal or informal institutions within the business environments of different countries and the connections between business orientation and self-efficacy.

Perception of formal and informal institutions by entrepreneurs in China, Morocco, and Germany – A cross-cultural pilot study

University of Business and Society Ludwigshafen

International Journal of Management and Economics

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Introduction and AimsEntrepreneurship and the business environment, in general, are being influenced by the existence of formal and informal institutions. This...

Perception of formal and informal institutions by entrepreneurs in China, Morocco, and Germany – A cross-cultural pilot study

Article Category: Empirical Paper

Published Online: Nov 06, 2020

Page range: 324 - 338

Received: Jan 04, 2020

Accepted: Sep 24, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2020-0026

Keywords
formal institutions, informal institutions, self-efficacy, network orientation, market orientation

© 2020 Rainer Busch et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Perception of formal and informal institutions by entrepreneurs in China, Morocco, and Germany – A cross-cultural pilot study

Article Category: Empirical Paper

Published Online: Nov 06, 2020

Page range: 324 - 338

Received: Jan 04, 2020

Accepted: Sep 24, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2020-0026

Keywordsformal institutions, informal institutions, self-efficacy, network orientation, market orientation

© 2020 Rainer Busch et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Keywords
formal institutions, informal institutions, self-efficacy, network orientation, market orientation