<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>The paper is devoted to the analysis of countermeasures in the context of cyber operations. This circumstance precluding wrongfulness is one of the tools that states can use in response to (not only) malign cyber operations that fulfil the characteristics of an internationally wrongful act. The paper examines the various material and procedural conditions of countermeasures and the specifics of their implementation in cyberspace. The second part of the paper then discusses contentious issues related to countermeasures, namely the relationship between countermeasures and the principle of due diligence, the possibility of implementing forcible countermeasures, and finally the current status of collective countermeasures under customary international law.</p>
</abstract>

The paper is devoted to the analysis of countermeasures in the context of cyber operations. This circumstance precluding wrongfulness is one of the tools that states can use in response to (not only) malign cyber operations that fulfil the characteristics of an internationally wrongful act. The paper examines the various material and procedural conditions of countermeasures and the specifics of their implementation in cyberspace. The second part of the paper then discusses contentious issues related to countermeasures, namely the relationship between countermeasures and the principle of due diligence, the possibility of implementing forcible countermeasures, and finally the current status of collective countermeasures under customary international law.

Countermeasures against Cyber Operations: Moving forward?

International and Comparative Law Review

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

{"article-title":"Countermeasures against Cyber Operations: Moving forward?"}

The paper is devoted to the analysis of countermeasures in the context of cyber operations. This circumstance precluding wrongfulness is one of the tools that...

Countermeasures against Cyber Operations: Moving forward?

Published Online: Feb 05, 2024

Page range: 86 - 110

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2023-0016

Keywords
countermeasures, cyber operations, unilateral remedies, state responsibility, collective countermeasures, forcible countermeasures, due diligence

© 2023 Jakub Spáčil, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Countermeasures against Cyber Operations: Moving forward?

Published Online: Feb 05, 2024

Page range: 86 - 110

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2023-0016

Keywordscountermeasures, cyber operations, unilateral remedies, state responsibility, collective countermeasures, forcible countermeasures, due diligence

© 2023 Jakub Spáčil, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Keywords
countermeasures, cyber operations, unilateral remedies, state responsibility, collective countermeasures, forcible countermeasures, due diligence