Open Access

The Interplay between Neutrality, Qualified Neutrality and Co-belligerency in the Context of U.S. Intervention in the Russia-Ukraine War

   | Oct 13, 2023
International and Comparative Law Review's Cover Image
International and Comparative Law Review
International Law and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

Cite

107th Congress Public Law, Joint Resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States, Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ40/html/PLAW-107publ40.htm, Accessed: 16.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

117th Congress Public Law, Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend Lease Act 2022, [online]. Available at: Aljazeera, EU agrees on new sanctions over Iranian drones in Ukraine. [online]. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/20/eu-agrees-new-sanctions-over-iranian-drones-in-ukraine, Accessed: 19.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

Armed Neutrality. [online]. Available at:https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/armed-neutrality, U.S. Russia Relations, https://usrussiarelations.org/2/timeline/first-contact/8 Accessed: 17.05.2022 Search in Google Scholar

Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, adopted by the International Law Commission, reprinted in Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session, 23 April–1 June and 2 July–10 August 2001, UN Doc. A/56/10, 2001. Search in Google Scholar

ASHCROFT, John. D. GOLDSMITH, Jack., Memorandum Office of Legal Counsel of the United States Department of Justice. [online]. Available at: https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/477031/download, Accessed: 09.08.2022. Search in Google Scholar

AZAROVA, Valentina, BLUM, Ido. Belligerency, Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law, 2015, pp.1-3. Search in Google Scholar

BARNES, Julian, COOPER, Helene, SCHMITT, Eric. U.S. Intelligence is helping Ukraine kill Russian Generals, officials say. [online]. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/us/politics/russia-generals-killed-ukraine.html?smid=twnytimes&smtyp=cur, Accessed: 19.10. 2022. Search in Google Scholar

BARNES, Julian, COOPER, Helene. Ukrainian Officials Drew on U.S. Intelligence to Plan Counteroffensive. [online]. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/10/us/politics/ukraine-military-intelligence.html, Accessed: 06.10. 2022. Search in Google Scholar

Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, annexed to The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: Final Report of the Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights, submitted in accordance with UN Commission on Human Rights resolution 1999/33, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/62,18 January 2000. Search in Google Scholar

BBC: Visa and Mastercard suspend Russian operations. [online]. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60637429, Accessed: 19.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

BILLER, Jeffrey T., SCHMITT, Michael N., Classification of Cyber Capabilities and Operations as Weapons, Means or Methods of Warfare, Stockholm Center for International law, International Law Studies, 2019,vol. 95, pp.179. [online]. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2462&context=ils#page=15 Accessed: 14.05.2022 Search in Google Scholar

BLINKEN, Antony. Significant new U.S. military assistance to Ukraine, Press Statement, U.S. Department of State. [online]. Available at:https://www.state.gov/significant-new-u-s-military-assistance-to-ukraine/, Accessed: 21.01.2023. Search in Google Scholar

BOTHE, Michael, FLECK Dieter (ed). The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law ‘The Law of Neutrality’, Oxford University Press,2008, pp. 573. Search in Google Scholar

Bothe, Michael. Neutrality, Concept and General Rules. [online]. Available at: Search in Google Scholar

BRANDS, HAL. Russia Is Right: The U.S. is Waging a Proxy War in Ukraine. [online] Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/russia-is-right-the-us-is-waging-aproxy-war-in-ukraine/2022/05/10/2c8058a4-d051-11ec-886b-df76183d233f_story.html, Accessed: 15.06.2022. Search in Google Scholar

CARDEN, James. US a ‘co belligerent in Ukarine war, legal expert says. [online]. Available at: https://asiatimes.com/2022/04/us-a-co-belligerent-in-ukraine-war-legal-expert-says/, Accessed: 06.07.20222; DAMON, Andre. US paramilitary forces on the ground in Ukraine. [online]. Available at: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2022/07/05/apad-j05.html, Accessed: 06.07.20222. Search in Google Scholar

CHEATHAM, Andrew. Rethinking U.S. Engagement with U.N. in the context of Ukraine: Part One, Ukraine. [online]. Available at: https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/03/rethinking-us-engagement-un-context-ukraine-part-one Accessed: 17.05.2022. Search in Google Scholar

CRAWFORD, James, State Responsibility, The General Part, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2013, pp. 499. Search in Google Scholar

Department of Defense Law of War manual. [online]. Available at: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/DoD%20Law%20of%20War%20Manual%20-%20June%202015%20Updated%20Dec%202016.pdf?ver=2016-12-13-172036-190#page=990 Accessed: 12.06.2022. Search in Google Scholar

DETSCH, Jack. Where does the Ukraine War go from here? [online]. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/08/25/zelensky-putin-russia-ukraine-war/, Accessed: 17.10. 2022. Search in Google Scholar

DILANIAN, Ken et al, U.S. intel helped Ukraine protect air defences, and shoot down a Russian plane carrying hundreds of troops. [online]. Available at: https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/us-intel-helped-ukraine-protect-air-defenses-shoot-russian-plane-carry-rcna26015, Accessed: 19.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine, U.S. Department of Defense. [online]. Available at: https://media.defense.gov/2022/Aug/22/2003061456/-1/-1/0/Ukraine-Fact-Sheet-vFinal2.PDF Accessed:17.05.2022. Search in Google Scholar

FELIPE DANA, Shaken by a deadly airstrike, Russia is said to be considering more drone attacks. [online]. Available at: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-01-03/russia-shaken-ukrainian-strike-mulling-more-drones, Accessed: 18.01.2023. Search in Google Scholar

FERRO, Luca, VERLINDEN, Nelle. Neutrality During Armed Conflicts: A Coherent Approach to Third-State Support for Warring Parties, Chinese Journal of International law. 2018, vol. 17, pp. 15–43. Search in Google Scholar

HATHAWAY, Oona and SHAPIRO, Scott, Supplying Arms to Ukraine is Not an Act of War. [online]. Available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/supplying-arms-ukraine-not-act-war, Accessed: 17.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

HELFRICH, Emma. Switchblade Suicide Drone attacks a Russian Tank in Ukraine, Available at: https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/watch-this-switchblade-suicide-drone-attack-a-russian-tank-in-ukraine, Accessed: 21.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

HELLER, Kevin Jon and TRABUCCO, Lena, The Legality of Weapons Transfers to Ukraine Under International Law, Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 2022, [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10053, Accessed: 18.10. 2022. Search in Google Scholar

HORTON, Jake, PALUMBO, Daniele. Russia sanctions: What impact have they had on its oil and gas exports? [online]. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/58888451, Accessed: 22.06.2022. Search in Google Scholar

INGBER, Rebecca. Co-Belligerency. Yale Journal of International Law, 2017, vol.42, no 67, pp.100-103. Search in Google Scholar

International Neutrality Law and U.S. Military Assistance to Ukraine. [online]. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10735/3 Accessed: 19.05.2022. Search in Google Scholar

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971, pp.16. Search in Google Scholar

The legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons decided on 8th July 1996. Search in Google Scholar

MITCHELL, Ellen, How US weapons and intelligence helped Ukraine’s rout of Russia. [online]. Available at: https://thehill.com/policy/defense/3645393-how-us-weapons-and-intelligence-helped-ukraines-rout-of-russia/, Accessed: 17.10. 2022. Search in Google Scholar

MYLLYVIRTA, Lauri. EU ban on Russian oil: Why it matters and what’s next. [online]. Available at: https://energyandcleanair.org/eu-ban-on-russian-oil-why-it-matters-and-whats-next/, Accessed: 23.12.2022. Search in Google Scholar

NAKO, Available at: https://nako.org.ua/en, Accessed: 25.07.2022. Search in Google Scholar

Nicaragua vs. the United States of America, dated 27 June 1986. Search in Google Scholar

OPPENHEIM, L., War and Neutrality,1912, vol. 2. [online]. Available at: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41047/41047-h/41047-h.htm#Page_370 Accessed: 02.06.2022. Search in Google Scholar

OSTROVSKY, Simon, How Azerbaijan Won the Karabakh War. [online]. Available at: https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/how-azerbaijan-won-karabakh-war, Accessed:18.10. 2022. Search in Google Scholar

OTT, Haley. Ukraine says Russia plans to retaliate for a deadly strike on a military base with a “prolonged” drone attack. [online]. Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-news-russia-war-us-weapons-strike-military-base-retaliation-drones/, Accessed: 18.01.2023. Search in Google Scholar

Reuters, Pentagon considering paying for Musk’s Starlink network in Ukraine. [online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/17/pentagon-starlink-ukraine-musk-funding, Accessed: 19.10.2022 Search in Google Scholar

S/RES/2623 (2022), United Nations Security Council. [online]. Available at: Search in Google Scholar

SCHECK, Justin. She’s a Doctor. He was a Limo Driver. They pitched a $30 Million Arms Deal. [online]. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/06/world/europe/ukraine-private-arms-deals.html, Accessed: 20.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

SEGER, Paul. Oxford Handbook of International law in Armed Conflict, 2014, edited by Andrew Clapham and Paola Gaeta. Search in Google Scholar

Statute of the International Criminal Court, adopted by the UN Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Rome, 17 July 1998, UN Doc. A/CONF.183/9. Search in Google Scholar

The Geneva Conventions of. 1949 and their Additional Protocols. [online]. Available at: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/war-and-law/treaties-customary-law/geneva-conventions/overview-geneva-conventions.htm, Accessed: 05.05.2022. Search in Google Scholar

The Law of the Armed Conflict: Neutrality. [online]. Available at: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/law8_final.pdf. Accessed: 19.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

The White House, FACT SHEET: United States Bans Imports of Russian Oil, Liquefied Natural Gas, and Coal. [online]. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/08/fact-sheet-united-states-bans-imports-of-russian-oil-liquefied-natural-gas-and-coal/, Accessed: 19.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

THOMAS, A.R., DUNCAN, James. The Law of Neutrality. International law Studies, vol.73, pp.365-372. Search in Google Scholar

TIWARI, Sakshi. Ukraine’s ‘Most Lethal’ US Supplied Anti-Tank Missile (ATGM) Turns A Russian Tank Into Rubble. [online]. Available at: https://eurasiantimes.com/ukraines-most-lethal-us-supplied-atgm-reportedly-turns-russian/ Accessed: 25.10.2022 Search in Google Scholar

U.N News. Iraq makes final reparation payment to Kuwait for the 1990 invasion. [online]. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111632, Accessed 19.01.2023. Search in Google Scholar

U.S. Department of Defense, $775 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine. [online]. Available at: https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3134457/775-million-in-additional-security-assistance-for-ukraine/. Accessed:20.08.2022. Search in Google Scholar

U.S. Department of State, The Neutrality Act, 1930, [online]. Available at: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/neutrality-acts, Accessed: 25.05.2022. Search in Google Scholar

U.S. Security Cooperation with Ukraine, Fact sheet, [online]. Available at: https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-ukraine/, Accessed: 20.10.2022. Search in Google Scholar

UN Treaty Series. [online]. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20162/volume-162-I-2137-English.pdf, Accesse19.01.2023. Search in Google Scholar

UNSC, [online]. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1112842 Accessed: 01.06.2022. Search in Google Scholar

VAGTS, Detlev F., The Traditional Legal Concept of Neutrality in a Changing Environment, American University International Law Review, 1998, vol 14, pp. 84. Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2464-6601
Language:
English