Open Access

The Use of Torture in the Fight against Terrorism

   | Sep 25, 2018

Cite

ALEXY, Robert. A Theory of Constitutional Rights. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 64–68.Search in Google Scholar

CHRISTÓFOLO, João Ernesto. Solving Antinomies Between Peremptory Norms in Public International Law. Geneva: Schulthess, 2016, p. 24.Search in Google Scholar

DERSHOWITZ, Alan. Tortured Reasoning, in LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 266.Search in Google Scholar

EDGERTON, Robert B. The Worldwide Practice of Torture. New York: Edwin Mellen Press Ltd, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

FEIN, Helen. Human Rights and Wrongs: Slavery, Terror, Genocide. Colorado: Paradigm Publishers, 2007, pp. 63–76.Search in Google Scholar

GUR-ARYE, Miriam. Can the War against Terror Justify the Use of Force in Interrogations? Reflection in Light of the Israeli Experience in LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

KRAUTHAMMER, Charles. The Truth about Torture in LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 294.Search in Google Scholar

PERELMAN, Chaïm. Les Antinomies en Droit, Essay de synthèse. In PERELMAN, Chaïm (ed.), Les antonomies en droit, Bruxelles, 1965, p. 393.Search in Google Scholar

POSNER, Richard. Torture, Terrorism, and Interrogation. In LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 294.Search in Google Scholar

WALZER, Michael. Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands, in LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

BELLAMY, Alex J. No pain, no gain? Torture and Ethics in the War on Terror. International Affairs, 2006, vol. 82(1), pp. 121–148.10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00518.xSearch in Google Scholar

BUFACCHI, Vittorio & ARRIGO, Jean Maria. Torture, Terrorism and the State: a Refutation of the Ticking-Bomb Argument. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 2006, vol. 23(3), p. 355.10.1111/j.1468-5930.2006.00355.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

BUHA, Mark J. Rule Utilitarian and Deontologist Perspectives on Comparisons of Torture and Killing. Washington University Juridical Review, 2010, vol. 2, p. 304.Search in Google Scholar

DANELIUS, Hans. Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Nordic Journal of International Law, 1959, vol. 58, p. 180.10.1163/157181089X00046Search in Google Scholar

DERSHOWITZ, Alan. The Torture Warrant: a Response to Professor Strauss. New York Law School Law Review, 2003, vol. 48, p. 275.Search in Google Scholar

HATHAWAY, Oona. Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference? Yale Journal of International Law, 2002, p. 1935.10.2307/797642Search in Google Scholar

GERT, Bernard. Justifying Violence. The Journal of Philosophy, 1969, vol. 66, p. 623.10.2307/2024178Search in Google Scholar

KOLA, Fatima. Torture and Terrorism – a case study. Supplement UCL Jurisprudence Review, 2007, pp. 85, 97.Search in Google Scholar

LEPSIUS, Oliver. Human Dignity and the Downing of Aircraft: The German Federal Constitutional Court Strikes Down a Prominent Anti-Terrorism Provision in the New Air-Transport Security Act. German Law Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, p. 773.10.1017/S2071832200005071Search in Google Scholar

LIPPMAN, Matthew. The Development and Drafting of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 1994, vol. 17, pp. 314–315.Search in Google Scholar

MACMASTER, Neil. Torture: From Algiers to Abu Ghraib. Race and Class, 2004, vol. 46(2), p. 12.10.1177/0306396804047722Search in Google Scholar

McCRUDDEN, Christopher. Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights. European Journal of International Law, 2008, vol. 19, issue 4. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/19/4/655/349356. Accessed: 30 June 2018.10.1093/ejil/chn043Search in Google Scholar

RODLEY, Nigel. The Prohibition of Torture: Absolute Means Absolute. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 2006, vol. 34, pp. 145–160.Search in Google Scholar

STRAUSS, Mary. Torture (2003–2004). New York Law School Law Review, p. 48.Search in Google Scholar

SIMMA, Bruno & ALSTON, Philip. The Sources Of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles. European Journal of International Law, 1995, vol. 6, p. 43.Search in Google Scholar

WEATHERALL, Thomas. The Status of the Prohibition of Terrorism in International Law: Recent Developments. Georgetown Journal of International Law, 2015, vol. 46, p. 589.Search in Google Scholar

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981.Search in Google Scholar

American Convention of Human Rights, 1969.Search in Google Scholar

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, 1963.Search in Google Scholar

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1998Search in Google Scholar

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984.Search in Google Scholar

Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1975.Search in Google Scholar

European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950.Search in Google Scholar

Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, 1985.Search in Google Scholar

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979.Search in Google Scholar

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Charter, 1945.Search in Google Scholar

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969.Search in Google Scholar

S/RES 1373 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

S/RES 1624 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v Serbia) (3 February 2015) (2015) ICJ Reports para 160.10.1017/CBO9781107416086.001Search in Google Scholar

Belgium v Senegal (Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite) (20 July 2012) (2012) ICJ Reports, paras 99–100.Search in Google Scholar

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2004 ICJ Reports 136. para 4–5.Search in Google Scholar

Prosecutor v Ayyash et al (STL-11-01/I), Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Terrorism, Conspiracy, Homicide, Perpetration, Cumulative Charging, Appeals Chamber, 16 February 2011 paras 42–62.Search in Google Scholar

Prosecutor v Furundzija (1998) 38 ILM 317 para 164. para 144.Search in Google Scholar

Prosecutor v Stanislav Galić Case No. IT-98-29-I, Indictment, 26 March 1999, para 41.Search in Google Scholar

African Commission, Abdel Hadi, Ali Radi & Others v Republic of Sudan, Communication 368/09 (5 November 2013) para 71.Search in Google Scholar

Durand and Ugarte v Peru, IACHR, 16 August 2000, Ser C, No 68, para 59.Search in Google Scholar

Loayza-Tamayo v Peru, IACtHR, 17 September 1997, Series C No 33, para 57.Search in Google Scholar

Mejía v Peru, IACHR, 1 March 1996, OEA/SerL/V/II91 Doc 7 sec B, para 2.Search in Google Scholar

Morales v Guatemala Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, IAm Comm of HR (8 March 1998) Ser C No 37 134.Search in Google Scholar

Communication 110/1981, Acosta v Uruguay, UNHR Committee, 12 August 1981, UN Doc Supp no 40, A/39/40, 1984, para 14.10.17077/0021-065X.2816Search in Google Scholar

Communication 88/1981, Bequio v Uruguay, UNHR Committee, 14 March 1981, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/2 (1990), para 12.Search in Google Scholar

Communication 105/1981, Cabreira v Uruguay, UNHR Committee, 7 August 1981, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/2 (1990), para 11.Search in Google Scholar

Communication 176/1984, Lafuente Peñarrieta et al. v Bolivia, UNHR Committee, 2 November 1987, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/2 201 (1990), paras 1.3, 10.4.Search in Google Scholar

Communication 74/1980, Miguel Angel Estrella v Uruguay, UNHR Committee, 17 July 1980, UN Doc Supp No 40 (A/38/40) 150 (1983) para 1.6.Search in Google Scholar

Chahal v United Kingdom Application no 22414/93 ECHR (5 November 1996), para 79.Search in Google Scholar

Gäfgen v Germany Application no 22978/05 (1 June 2010) 87.Search in Google Scholar

Ireland v the United Kingdom, Application no 5310/71, ECHR, judgement, 18 January 1978, para 167.Search in Google Scholar

Ireland v the United Kingdom EC (1976) 512 Yearbook of European Convention on Human Rights 489–491.Search in Google Scholar

Labita v Italy Application no 26772/95 ECHR (6 April 2000), para 119.Search in Google Scholar

Ramirez Sanchez v. France Application no 59450/00 (4 July 2006), para 116.Search in Google Scholar

Selmouni v France, Application no 25803(94), ECHR, 1 December 1977, paras 20, 24.Search in Google Scholar

Soering v United Kingdom, Application 14038/88, ECHR, 7 July 1989, p. 40, para 91, sec 102.Search in Google Scholar

The Greek Case Report of the Commission: Application no 3321/67-Denmark v Greece, Application no 3322/67-Norway v Greece, Application no 3323/67-Sweden v Greece, Application no 3344/67-Netherlands v. Greece (1970) EC 1 1.Search in Google Scholar

Al-Adsani v UK (2001) 34 EHRR 273, 123 ILR 24 paraSearch in Google Scholar

Alvarez-Machain v United States 331 F 3d 604 (2003, 9th Cir) 613.Search in Google Scholar

A & Others v Secretary of State for the Home Department (No 2), (2005) (HL)1 WLR 53Search in Google Scholar

Ashcraft v Tennessee 322 US 143, 155 (1944).Search in Google Scholar

Attorney General of Israel v Adolf Eichmann, District Court of Jerusalem, 36 ILR 18, 25, 26, 50 (Israel Dist Ct 1961).Search in Google Scholar

Case of Igor Portu and Mattin Sarasola Spanish Supreme Court (2 November 2011).Search in Google Scholar

Flatow v Islamic Republic of Iran 999 F Supp 23 (DDC 1998).Search in Google Scholar

Filartiga v Pena-Irala 630 F 2d 876 (2d Cir 1980) 882–83.Search in Google Scholar

Kaunda & Others v President of the Republic of South Africa & Others (Society for the Abolition of the Death Penalty in South Africa intervening as Amicus Curiae) 2005 4 SA 235 (CC).Search in Google Scholar

Kazemi Estate v Islamic Republic of Iran 2014 SCC 151–152.Search in Google Scholar

Koigi Wamwere v the Attorney-General (2015) eKLR 6.Search in Google Scholar

Loizidou v Turkey, 23 March 1995, Series A, no 310, p. 26, sec 71.Search in Google Scholar

Nulyarimma v Thompson (1999) FCA 1192 (1 September 1999) 145.Search in Google Scholar

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, Ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 3) (2000) 1 AC 147.Search in Google Scholar

Sentencia del Pleno Jurisdiccional del Tribunal Constitucional del Perú Exp n 0024-2010-PI/TC 53.Search in Google Scholar

Siderman de Blake v Republic of Argentina 965 F 2d 699 (9th Cir 1992).Search in Google Scholar

Smith v Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 101 F 3d 239 (2nd Cir 1996) 242.Search in Google Scholar

Tachiona v Mugabe, 169 F. Supp. 2d 259, SDNY 2001, p. 264, 279.Search in Google Scholar

Tel-Oren v Libyan Arab Republic (Judgement of 3 February 1984) 726 F2d 774, 233 (US App DC) 384.Search in Google Scholar

Tyrer v the United Kingdom, 25 April 1978, Series A no 26, p. 15, para 31.Search in Google Scholar

Public Committee Against Torture v State of Israel HCJ 5100/94 (1999) 817.Search in Google Scholar

Xuncax v Gramajo 886 FSupp (D Mass 1995) 162, 174, 178.Search in Google Scholar

Algerian Penal Code, promulgated by Order No. 66-156 of 18 Safar 1386 corresponding to 8 June, 1966.Search in Google Scholar

Andorra New Penal Code, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Antigua and Barbuda Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Arabian Law of Criminal Procedure of 16 October 2001.Search in Google Scholar

Armenian Criminal Code, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Australian Criminal Act Code, 1995Search in Google Scholar

Aviation Security Act, 12 January 2005, Federal Law Gazette I, 78.10.1016/S1353-4858(05)00199-6Search in Google Scholar

Bahamas Anti-Terrorism Act, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Bangladesh Anti-Terrorism Ordinance, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949.Search in Google Scholar

Belgian Organic Law on the Intelligence and Security Services, 1998.Search in Google Scholar

Brazilian Anti-Terrorism Law, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Botswana Counter-Terrorism Act 24 of 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Cameroon Law on the Suppression of Acts of Terrorism 28 of 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Canadian Criminal Code, 1985.Search in Google Scholar

Cameroon Penal Code, 1967.Search in Google Scholar

Columbia Penal Code Law no 599 of 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Cameroon, 1972.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Colombia, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Greece, 1975 (as amended).Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Kenya, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Namibia, 1990.2244757Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Peru, 1993.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of the Republic of Poland, 1997.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995.7645673Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Syrian Arabic Republic, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Sri Lanka, 1978.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Sudan, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Constitution of Tunisia, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Criminal Code of Croatia 111 of 15 July 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Criminal Code of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Criminal Code of the Czech Republic Act 40 of 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, Law no 7895 of 1995.Search in Google Scholar

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation no 63-Fz of 13 June 1996.Search in Google Scholar

Criminal Code of Ukraine, 2001.Search in Google Scholar

Criminal-Procedural Code of the Russian Federation No. 174-Fz of 18 December 2001.Search in Google Scholar

Dominican Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (Amendment) Act 10 of 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Egyptian Anti-Terrorism Law, 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Ethiopian Anti-Terrorism Proclamation no 652 of 2009.Search in Google Scholar

French Penal Code, 1791.Search in Google Scholar

18 US Code § 2340 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

Ghana Anti-Terrorism Act 762 of 2008.Search in Google Scholar

Guatamalan Criminal Code, 1973.Search in Google Scholar

Honduras Criminal Code (approved by decree 144-83), 1983.Search in Google Scholar

Iraq Penal Code, 1969.Search in Google Scholar

Jamaican Terrorism Prevention Act, 2005Search in Google Scholar

Kazakstan Criminal Code, Law no 167 of 16 July 1997.10.2307/3504819Search in Google Scholar

Kenya National Intelligence Service Act 28 of 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Kenya National Police Service Act of 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Law No. 96-06 of 18 January 1996.10.1055/s-2008-1061913Search in Google Scholar

Lesotho Penal Code Act 6 of 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Malaysian Penal Code Act 574 of 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Mexico Federal Act on the Prevention and Punishment of Torture, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Netherlands Crimes of Terrorism Act, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

New Zealand Terrorism Suppression Act, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Nigerian Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Penal Code of Algeria, 1966.Search in Google Scholar

Penal Code of Bhutan, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

Penal Code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste 19 of 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Penal Code of Spain, 1995 (as amended by Organic Law 5/2010.Search in Google Scholar

Philippines Anti-Torture Act, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Saudi-Arabia Penal Law for Crimes of Terrorism and its Financing, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Seychelles Prevention of Terrorism Act 7 of 2004Search in Google Scholar

South African Prevention of Combating and Torture of Persons Act, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

South African Protection of Constitutional Democracy Against Terrorist and Related Activities Act 33 of 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Sri Lanka Convention against Torture Act and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1994.Search in Google Scholar

Tanzanian Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Trinidad and Tobago Anti-Terrorism Act 26 of 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Tunisia Anti-Terrorism Law 26 of 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Turkish Penal Code, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Uganda Prevention and Prohibition of Torture Act, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Uganda Anti-Terrorism Act, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

UK Criminal Justice Act, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Vanuatu Penal Code [Cap 135] 1981.Search in Google Scholar

Venezuela Penal Code, 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Analytical Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission finalised by Chairman Martti Koskenniemi. Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, UN Doc A/CN4/L682, 13 April 2006, p. 92, 194.Search in Google Scholar

Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Manfred Nowak, 28 July 2008, A63/175, para 46.Search in Google Scholar

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, P Kooijmans, UN Doc E/CN4/1986/15 (1986) 1, para 3.Search in Google Scholar

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Nils Melzer, appointed by UNHRC resolution 1985/33, A/HRC/34/54, 14 February 2017, Yearbook of the International Law Commission II para 14.Search in Google Scholar

Report of the Working Group on a Draft Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment E/CN4/L1470, 12 March 1979, E/CN4/L1470, Agenda item 10(a), para 21.Search in Google Scholar

Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. The History of Utilitarianism, 27 March 2009 [online]. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/. Accessed: 24 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

The Guardian ‘Israeli Government Report admits Systematic Torture of Palestinians’ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/feb/11/israel (accessed 13 August 2017). See further Commission of Inquiry into the Methods of Investigation of the General Security Service Regarding Hostile Terrorist Activity (1989) https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/israel-law-review/article/commission-of-inquiry-into-the-methods-of-investigation-of-the-general-security-service-regarding-hostile-terrorist-activity/2feeb59b40b66a41e9ff3633c0d3bf69 (accessed 26 October 2017)Search in Google Scholar

TLADI, Dire. Second report on Jus Cogens.’ In UN Report of the International Law Commission 69thsession (1 May – 2 June and 3 July – 4 August 2017) A/CN4/706, p. 9 para 18.Search in Google Scholar

Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, report by Special Rapporteur, Mr P Kooijmans, UN Doc E/CN4/1986/15 (1986) 1 para 3.Search in Google Scholar

DE BEER, Aniel. Peremptory norms of General lnternational law (Jus Cogens) and the Prohibition of Terrorism. Unpublished doctoral thesis, 2018, chapter 4, on file with author.10.1163/9789004391543Search in Google Scholar

OECHMICHEN, Anna. Terrorism and Anti-Terrorism legislation: The Terrorised Legislator? Doctoral Thesis, Leiden University, 2009, pp. 338–342. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/13852. Accessed: 1 July 2017.Search in Google Scholar

AL JAZEERA. At least 11 civilians killed in Boko Haram attack, 2 September 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/11-civilians-killed-boko-haram-attack-170902043943431.html. Accessed: 1 October 2017.Search in Google Scholar

AL JAZEERA. Kenya: Nine beheaded in suspected al-Shabab attack, 9 July 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/kenya-attack-170708103555604.html. Accessed: 1 October 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Amnesty International. Spain: Civil Guards Convicted of Torture, 10 January 2011, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR41/002/2011/en/60b24c89-1115-4124-aa36-68f3705efc84/eur410022011en.html (accessed 1 May 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Amnesty International. Torture in 2014: 30 Years of Broken Promises, 5 December 2014. [online]. Available at: https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/act400042014en.pdf. Accessed: 2 April 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Arab Government and Media Reactions to the Orlando Attack, 15 June 2016, [online]. Available at: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/arab-government-and-media-reactionsto-the-orlando-attack. Accessed 7 August 2016.Search in Google Scholar

BBC NEWS. Donald Trump says he believes waterboarding works, 26 January 2017, [online]. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38753000 [online]. Accessed: 16 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

BBC NEWS. Israel Admits Torture, 9 February 2000, [online]. (2000). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/637293.stm. Accessed: 12 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

BBC NEWS. London Bridge attack: timeline of British terror attacks, 19 June 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40013040. Accessed: 1 October 2017.Search in Google Scholar

BERI, Ruchita. Rise of Terrorism in Africa. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 13 April 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/rise-of-terrorism-in-africa_rberi_130417. Accessed: 1 October 2017.Search in Google Scholar

BUSINESS INSIDER. These Are The 13 ‘Enhanced Interrogation Techniques’ the CIA Used On Detainees, 10 December 2014, [online]. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-13-enhanced-interrogation-techniques-the-cia-used-ondetainees-2014-12?IR=T. Accessed: 30 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

BUSINESS INSIDER. Trump says torture absolutely works, 25 June 2017, [online]. Available at: www.businessinsider.com/trump-says-torture-absolutely-works-2017-1. Accessed: 16 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

BVerfG, Judgment of the First Senate of 15 February 2006, 1 BvR 357/05, paras 1–156. [online]. Available at: https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/Shared-Docs/Entscheidungen/EN/2006/02/rs20060215_1bvr035705en.html. Accessed: 24 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Committee against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention: Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee Against Torture, UN Doc. A/52/44, 10 September 1997, [online]. Available at: https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/CA3A3721CCF0729B05256545005095B0. Accessed: 30 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Consideration of reports submitted by state parties under article 19 of the Convention, Croatia, UN Doc CAT/C/54/Add3 12, 6–7 May 2004, [online]. Available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CATC54Add3En?OpenDocument. Accessed: 17 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Consideration of reports submitted by state parties under article 19 of the Convention, Egypt, UN Doc CAT/C/34/Add.11, 28 January 1999, [online]. Available at: www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CATC34.Add.11.En?OpenDocument. Accessed: 1 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 19 of the Convention, Greece, UN Doc CAT/C/61/Add.2, 16 February 2004 [online], p. 230. Available at: www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CAT.C.61.Add.1.En?Opendocument. Accessed: 6 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 19 of the Convention, Latvia, UN Doc CAT/C/21/Add.4 6. [online]. Available at www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CAT.C.21.Add.4.En?OpenDocument. Accessed: 6 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 19 of the Convention, Luxembourg, UN Doc CAT/C/SR.517 [online]. Available at: www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/4870d067077d49bac1256a26004c2298?Open document. Accessed: 1 May 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Reservations, Understandings and Declarations Made by the United States of America. [online]. Available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/5d7ce66547377b1f802567fd0056b533?OpenDocument. Accessed: 12 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

G20 Statement on the Fight Against Terrorism, [online]. Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/internationalsummit/2015/11/g20-statement-on-the-fight-against-terrorism_pdf/. Accessed: 7 August 2016.Search in Google Scholar

FARMER, John J Jr., NEAFSEY, Edward M. Trump and the Law on Torture, 1 March 2018, [online]. Available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/trump-and-law-torture. Accessed: 16 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

FOX NEWS. Al-Shabab fighters attack African Union convoy in southern Somalia, killing at least 8, 30 July 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/07/30/al-shabab-fighters-attack-african-union-convoy-in-southern-somalia-killing-at-least-8.html. Accessed: 1 October 2017.Search in Google Scholar

ICRC. France: Practice Relating to Rule 90. Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment. Available at: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou_fr_rule90. Accessed 1 July 2018.Search in Google Scholar

ICRC. Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on the Treatment by the Coalition Forces of Prisoners of War and Other Protected Persons by the Geneva Conventions in Iraq During Arrest, Internment and Interrogation, 2004, [online]. Available at: http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/us/doc/icrc-prisoner-report-feb-2004.pdf. Accessed: 7 October 2012, p. 8.Search in Google Scholar

ICRC. Report on the Treatment of Fourteen ‘High Value Detainees’ in CIA Custody, 2007, [online]. Available at: http://assets.nybooks.com/media/doc/2010/04/22/icrc-report.pdf. Accessed: 7 October 2017, p. 12.Search in Google Scholar

Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade – the Taguba Report: a Report prepared by Maj.Gen. AM Taguba on Alleged Abuse of Prisoners by Members of the 800th Military Police Brigade at the Abu Ghraib Prison, Baghdad. [online]. Available at: https://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/taguba.pdf. Accessed: 16 April 2017.Search in Google Scholar

LEVIN, Michael. The Case for Torture, 1982 [online]. Available at: http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/torture.html. Accessed: 5 September 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Public Broadcasting Service. Trump formally nominates Gina Haspel to be next CIA director, 17 April 2018, [online]. Available at https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-formally-nominates-gina-haspel-to-be-next-cia-director. Accessed on: 16 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Right to Humane Treatment, para 164, [online]. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/Terrorism/Eng/part.f.htm#_ftn418. Accessed: 3 October 2017.Search in Google Scholar

SHUGERMAN, Emily. Gina Haspel: Who is the woman Donald Trump wants to take over the CIA? 11 May 2018, [online]. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/gina-haspel-cia-director-donald-trump-nominated-mike-pompeo-rex-tillerson-a8346556.html. Accessed: 16 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Summary Records of the Sixth Committee, 52nd, 55th, 56th and 66th sessions Official Records of the General Assembly [online]. Available at: http://www.un.org/law/cod/sixth. Accessed: 8 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

THE GUARDIAN. Torture techniques Endorsed by the Bush Administration, 17 April 2009, [online]. (2009). Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/17/torture-methods-interrogation-george-bush-approved. Accessed: 12 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

POLLOCK, David & ABDELAZIZ, Mohamed. Arab states condemn “terrorist” Paris attacks [online]. Available at: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/11/14/Arab-statesdenounce-Paris-attacks-as-violation-of-human-values-.html. Accessed: 1 December 2016.Search in Google Scholar

THE NEW ZEALAND HERALD. Donald Trump May be Seeking to Reinstate Torture Methods for Detained Terrorist Suspects, 26 January 2017, [online]. Available at: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11789393. Accessed: 12 August 2017.Search in Google Scholar

TIME MAGAZINE. A Timeline of recent terror attacks in Europe, 20 December 2016, [online]. Available at: http://time.com/4607481/europe-terrorism-timeline-berlin-paris-nice-brussels/. Accessed: 1 October 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Transcript of US Joint Congressional hearing. Extraordinary Rendition in US Counterterrorism Policy: The Impact on Transatlantic Relations. Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight and Subcommittee on Europe, 17 April 2007, [online]. Available at: http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing_notice.asp?id=803. Accessed: 1 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

TRUMP, Donald J. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. December 2016, [online]. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf. Accessed: 16 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

UN Committee Against Torture. General Comment No. 2: Implementation of Article 2 by States Parties. 24 January 2008, CAT/C/GC/2, [online]. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/47ac78ce2.html. Accessed: 30 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

UN Committee against Torture, Report on Argentina, UN Doc A/45/44, 21 June 1990, para 154, [online]. Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/97924. Accessed: 30 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

US Army Field Manual, viii FM2-22.3. Human Intelligence Collector Operations, pp. 20–25. [online]. September 2006. Available at: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm2-22-3.pdf. Accessed: 17 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Treaty Ratifications. [online]. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en. Accessed: 17 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

US Department of State. Initial Report of the United States of America to the UN Committee against Torture, 15 October 1999, p. 6. Available at: https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/torture_index.html. Accessed: 1 July 2018.Search in Google Scholar

US Department of State. Second Periodic Report of the United States of America to the UN Committee against Torture, 6 May 2005, pp. 4, 17. Available at: https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/45738.htm. Accessed: 1 July 2018.Search in Google Scholar

US Department of State. United States Condemns Terrorist Attack on Istanbul’s Ataturk Airport, [online]. 28 June 2016. Available at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/06/259153.htm. Accessed 7 August 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Washington Post. US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations, 26 December 2000, [online]. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/. Accessed: 16 June 2018.Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2464-6601
Language:
English