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Fig. 1.

Map of the study area to determine the prevalence of trematodes in southeastern Mexico.
Map of the study area to determine the prevalence of trematodes in southeastern Mexico.

Fig. 2.

Morphological identification of Cotylophoron cotylophorum and Paramphistomum cervi.
Morphological identification of Cotylophoron cotylophorum and Paramphistomum cervi.

Fig 3.

Fluke counts after cattle slaughter in southeastern Mexico by origin, sex and age.
Fluke counts after cattle slaughter in southeastern Mexico by origin, sex and age.

Odds ratio of the study variables that affect the presence of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica and rumen fluke) in cattle in a hot humid climate.

Risk factor B Standard error Wald Odds ratio 95% CI
Constant −3.9 0.8 22.45
Type of sample
  Fluke Baseline 1.00
  Eggs in faeces 1.19 0.49 6.0 3.3* 1.27–8.53
Physiographic zone
  Hillocks Baseline 1.00
  Flood-prone areas 2.48 0.37 44.7 11.98** 5.78–24.82
Sex
  Female Baseline 1.00
  Male −0.35 0.49 0.52 0.71ns 0.27–1.83
Age
  Old cows (> 7y) Baseline 1.00
  Steers >1<3 years −0.81 0.53 2.33 0.44ns 0.16–1.26
  Young cows (<7) −0.24 0.42 0.32 0.78ns 0.35–1.79
State
  Campeche Baseline 1.00
  Tabasco 1.98 0.61 10.46 7.27** 2.19–24.21
  Chiapas 3.29 0.75 18.90 26.88** 6.09–118.51

Average faecal fluke egg (liver and rumen flukes) counts in cattle in southeastern Mexico according to sex, age and origin.

Variable N Mean SE Q1 Median Q3
Fasciola hepatica egg per gram of faeces (epg)
Male 11 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7
Female 129 8.7 1.0 2.0 4.0 12.0
Steers (< 3 years) 11 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7
Cows (> 3 years) 129 9.2 1.1 2.0 4.0 14.0
Tabasco 107 10.3 1.2 2.0 4.0 16.0
Chiapas 33 2.7 0.9 0.0 0.7 4.0
Rumen fluke egg per gram of faeces (epg)
Male 11 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.7 1.3
Female 130 3.1 0.4 0.0 2.0 4.0
Steers (< 3 years) 11 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7
Cows (> 3 years) 130 3.3 0.4 0.0 2.0 4.0
Tabasco 107 3.4 0.5 0.0 2.0 4.0
Chiapas 34 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.7 2.0
Trematode egg per gram of faeces (epg)
Male 11 0.9 0.4 0.0 1.3 1.3
Female 136 11.4 1.2 2.0 4.0 15.0
Steers (< 3 years) 11 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.7 1.3
Cows (> 3 years) 136 12.0 1.3 2.0 6.0 16.0
Tabasco 107 13.7 1.5 2.0 8.0 18.0
Chiapas 40 4.5 0.9 1.3 2.0 6.5

Odds ratio of the study variables that affect the presence of liver and rumen fluke in cattle in a hot humid climate.

Fasciola hepatica Rumen fluke


Risk factor B SE Wald Odds ratio 95% CI B SE Wald Odds ratio 95% CI
Constant −21.31 261.6 0.006 −2.05 0.71 8.23
Type of sample
  Fluke Baseline 1.0 1.0
  Eggs in faeces 2.8 0.67 17.4 16.35** 4.4–60.8 0.43 0.45 0.88 1.53ns 0.63–3.73
Physiographic zone
  Hillocks Baseline 1.0 1.00
  Flood-prone areas 2.8 0.38 50.35 15.76** 7.36–33.76 1.6 0.36 19.15 4.94** 2.41–10.1
Sex
  Female Baseline 1.0 1.0
  Male −2.8 1.28 4.92 0.058* 0.005–0.72 −0.09 0.44 0.05 0.91ns 0.38–2.17
Age
  Old cows (> 7y) Baseline 1.0 1.0
  Steers 0.12 1.61 0.05 1.13ns 0.05–26.67 −0.59 0.52 1.28 0.55ns 0.19–1.54
  Young cows (<7) 0.96 0.98 0.96 2.6* 1.38–17.7 −0.45 0.43 1.07 0.64ns 0.27–1.49
State
  CampecheΩ - - - - - Baseline 1.00
  Chiapas Baseline 1.0 1.33 0.65 4.2 3.78* 1.06–13.5
  Tabasco −0.31 0.6 0.29 0.73ns 0.24–2.25 0.68 0.51 1.8 1.98ns 0.72–5.4

Number of bovines sampled per year, type of sampling and state of origin of the animals.

Year Type of sample State Number of samples
2018 Faeces for determination of trematode eggs Tabasco 193
Chiapas 98
2019 Faeces for determination of liver and rumen fluke eggs Tabasco 227
Chiapas 34
Campeche 50
Presence of liver and rumen flukes in slaughtered cattle Tabasco 83
Chiapas 325
Total 1010

Prevalence of flukes in cattle in a humid warm climate of Mexico by study variable.

Risk factor Fasciola hepatica Rumen fluke Trematodes



N Positives (%) Positives (%) N Positives (%)
Year
  2018* 291 - - 291 94 (32.3)
  2019 719 134 (18.6) 240 (33.4) 719 300 (41.7)
Type of sample
  Eggs in faeces 311 130 (41.8) 131 (42.1) 602 281 (46.7)
  Flukes 408 4 (1.0) 109 (26.7) 408 113 (27.7)
Physiographic zone
  Flood-prone areas 278 117 (42.1) 138 (49.6) 321 216 (67.3)
  Hillocks 441 17 (3.9) 102 (23.1) 689 178 (25.8)
Sex
  Male 204 1 (0.5) 52 (25.5) 212 52 (24.5)
  Female 515 133 (25.8) 188 (36.5) 798 342 (42.9)
Age
  Steers >1<3 years 187 1 (0.5) 45 (24.1) 254 57 (22.4)
  Young cows (<7) 424 131 (30.9) 160 (37.7) 623 289 (46.4)
  Old cows (> 7y) 108 2 (1.8) 35 (32.4) 133 48 (36.1)
State
  Tabasco 310 109 (35.2) 119 (38.4) 503 207 (41.2)
  Chiapas 359 25 (7.0) 102 (28.4) 457 168 (36.8)
  Campeche 50 0 (0.0) 19 (38.0) 50 19 (38.0)
eISSN:
1336-9083
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, Zoology, Ecology, other, Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Microbiology, Virology and Infection Epidemiology