Jairajpuri and Ahmad (1978) proposed a new genus
Soil samples were collected from around the roots of grasses, bushes, crop plants and forest trees in different localities of the Western Ghats (Indian states of Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala) as well as from Assam, India. Nematodes were extracted from the soil samples by Cobb’s (1918) sieving and decantation and modified Baermann funnel technique. Nematode were killed and fixed in hot 4 % TAF (Courtney et al., 1955) and dehydrated by slow evaporation in the desiccators containing desiccant and mounted in anhydrous glycerin on slides (Seinhorst, 1959). For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dehydrated specimens were rehydrated then fixed in glutaraldehyde by using phosphate buffer, and dehydrated in ethanol series. Critical point dried specimens were coated with gold and observed in a JEOL JSM-65 10LV scanning electron microscope. Measurements were taken by using ocular micrometer and line illustrations were made using a drawing tube attached to OLYMPUS BX 51 Microscope. Photographs were taken with digital camera attached to “Nikon Eclipse 80i” Microscope. Photographs of the specimens were prepared by using Adobe Photoshop 7.0. Computer software. Spicule morphometrics were taken as per Peña-Santiago et al. (2014). Andrássy’s (1998) as well as Loof and Coomans (1970) formula was followed for the measurements of the position of pharyngeal glands and their nuclei.
=
=
Measurements: See Table 1
Measurements of
Locality | Goa population | Assam population | Nainital (type population) | Bijnore population (After Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1968) | others | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characters | Females | Males | Females | Male | Females | Males | Female | Males | Females | Males |
n | 8 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 25 | 10 |
L | 4.3 ± 0.2 (4.1 - 4.6) | 4.2 ± 0.3 (3.8 - 4.5) | 3.9 ± 0.4 (3.3 - 4.5) | 3.5 | 3.8 - 4.5 | 3.7 - 4.3 | 3.89 | 3.6, 3.7 | 3.7 - 4.3 | 3.7 - 4.0 |
Body width at neck base | 44.2 ± 2.2 (42 - 49) | 42.2 ± 1.0 (42 - 45) | 46.2 ± 3.3 (42 - 51) | 40 | 50* | - | - | 50* | - | |
Body width at mid body | 54.4 ± 2.7 (50 - 59) | 50.6 ± 2.3 (48 - 54) | 57.2 ± 4.8 (52 - 62) | 49 | - | - | - | - | ||
Body width at anus/ cloaca | 30 ± 1.1 (28 - 31) | 34.7 ± 1.1 (33 - 36) | 30.7 ± 1.6 (28 - 32) | 32 | 30* | - | - | 28 - 34 | 33 - 35 | |
a | 81.4 ± 3.2 (77 - 85.3) | 83 ± 2.7 (80.5 - 87.7) | 69.2 ± 3.4 (64.4 - 73) | 71.3 | 65 - 66 | 61 - 86 | 70 | 84, 86 | 72 - 83 | 66 - 79 |
b | 14 ± 0.5 (13.5 - 14.7) | 13.1 ± 1.0 (11.3 - 14.1) | 12.3 ± 0.9 (11.1 - 13.7) | 10.7 | 12 - 13 | 12 - 13 | 12.8 | 12, 12.2 | 11 - 13 | 11.5 - 13 |
c | 7.6 ± 0.3 (7.2 - 8.2) | 9.2 ± 0.8 (8.2 - 10.3) | 9.8 ± 0.8 (9.1 - 11.2) | 10.6 | 10 | 11 - 12 | 9 | 10, 15 | 11 - 17 | 10 - 16 |
c' | 19.2 ± 0.8 (18.2 - 20.6) | 13.2 ± 0.7 (12.2 - 13.9) | 13.2 ± 1.7 (10.7 - 15.4) | 10.3 | 13 | 12 | - | - | 14* | 13.5* |
V | 38.7 ± 2.4 (34.8 - 42.1) | - | 37.8 ± 1.5 (36.3 - 40.4) | - | 40 - 42 | - | 39 | - | 42 - 45 | - |
G1 | 8.2 ± 1.0 (6.7 - 9.3) | - | 11.3 ± 1.2 (9.8 - 13) | - | - | - | - | - | 9 - 15 | - |
G2 | 8.3 ± 0.8 (7.4 - 9.6) | - | 12.5 ± 1.3 (10.6 - 14) | - | - | - | - | - | 9 - 18 | - |
Lip region width | 10.2 ± 0.4 (10 - 11) | 10.4 ± 0.5 (10 - 11) | 10 | 10 | - | 11* | - | - | 11* | - |
Lip region height | 4.5 ± 0.5 (4 - 5) | 4.2 ± 0.4 (4 - 5) | 4 | 5 | - | 5* | - | - | 4* | |
Amphid aperture width | 6.5 ± 0.5 (6 - 7) | 6.5 ± 0.5 (6 - 7) | 6.2 ± 0.4 (6 - 7) | 7 | - | 6* | - | - | - | - |
Odontostyle length | 5.1 ± 0.3 (5 - 6) | 5 | 5.3 ± 0.5 (5 - 6) | 6 | - | 5* | - | 5, 7 | 6 - 7 | 6 - 7 |
Odontophore length | 12.2 ± 0.6 (11 - 13) | 13 | 10.6 ± 0.9 (10 - 12) | 11 | - | 10* | - | 8, 10 | 10 - 12 | 12 - 13 |
Guiding ring from ant. End | 5 | 5 | 5.3 ± 0.5 (5 - 6) | 6 | - | - | - | - | 6* | - |
Nerve ring from ant. End | 145.5 ± 7.1 (137 - 157) | 148.2 ± 5.3 (141 - 157) | 144.2 ± 1.9 (142 - 147) | 140 | - | - | - | - | 130* | |
Neck length | 314.7 ± 7.2 (304 - 326) | 321.8 ± 11.2 (309 - 342) | 321.2 ± 15.5 (302 - 341) | 325 | - | - | - | - | 320 - 350 | 290 - 305 |
Expanded part of pharynx | 101 ± 4.2 (93 - 108) | 94.4 ± 5.8 (88 - 104) | 101.5 ± 13.5 (85 - 118) | 113 | - | - | - | - | 130* | - |
Cardia length | 14.3 ± 1.6 (12 - 17) | 16.2 ± 0.8 (15 - 17) | 17.2 ± 3.3 (13 - 21) | 17 | - | 14* | - | - | 20* | - |
Anterior genital branch | 364.3 ± 38 (305 - 405) | - | 447.2 ± 60.6 (398 - 547) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Posterior genital branch | 372.4 ± 31.6 (320 - 410) | - | 495.2 ± 66 (405 - 590) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Vaginal depth | 29.4 ± 2.3 (27 - 34) | - | 31, 32 | - | - | - | - | - | 38* | - |
Vulva from ant. end | 1708 ± 94 (1519 - 1795) | - | 1504.3 ± 199 (1242 - 1698) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Prerectum length | 277.1 ± 34.4 (260 - 303) | 418 ± 29.3 (370 - 457) | 271 ± 35.1 (220 - 319) | 280 | - | - | - | - | 260 - 360 | - |
Rectum length | 34.5 ± 3.1 (30 - 39) | 51.5 ± 2.7 (48 - 55) | 37, 41 | 50 | - | 50* | - | - | 29 - 36 | - |
Tail length | 577.5 ± 13.3 (565 - 604) | 454.6 ± 14.6 (440 - 480) | 407.5 ± 65.9 (300 - 478) | - | - | - | - | 250 - 345 | 220 - 350 | |
(broken) | broken | |||||||||
Spicule length | - | 52.7 ± 0.8 (52 - 54) | - | 57 | - | 50 | - | 48, 51 | - | 50 - 55 |
Lateral guiding pieces | - | 11.2 ± 1.5 (9 - 13) | - | 12 | - | - | - | - | - | 10 - 11 |
Ventromedian supplements | - | 10 - 14 | - | 11 | - | 15 | - | 13 | - | 11 - 13 |
(*) = Calculated measurements from illustrations; (Broken) = broken tail length.
**Several-Indian populations; several district of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab states (Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1978)
Description: Adult: Large size nematodes, slightly curved ventrad, cylindroid, tapering towards both extremities but more so towards posterior end as tail is long filiform. Cuticle with fine transverse striations, about 1.0 μm thick at anterior region, similar in both sexes, 1 – 3 μm at mid-body, 3 – 6 μm on tail in females, and about 2 μm at mid body, 2 – 3 μm on tail in males. Lateral chords with indistinct glandular bodies, 10 – 16 μm wide, and occupying about one-fifth to one–fourth (19 – 25 %) of mid-body diameter. Body pores indistinct. Lip region continuous, gradually narrowing, about 2.0 – 2.7 times as wide as high or about one-fifth to one-fourth (20 – 25 %) of body diameter at neck base. Lips weakly angular, amalgamated, cephalic framework with poorly developed refractive elements; cephalic papillae distinct. Stoma wall poorly sclerotized. Amphidial fovea cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about 0.5 – 0.7 times the lip region diameter, fusus slightly posterior to odontophore base level. Guiding ring simple, poorly developed, at 0.4 – 0.6 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Odontostyle slender, its ventral arm slightly bent at tip, 5 – 6 times as long as wide, about 0.4 – 0.6 times as long as lip region diameter, its aperture about one-third of its length. Odontophore simple, rod-like, weakly developed, 1.8 – 2.8 times the odontostyle length. Nerve ring encircling the anterior slender part of pharynx at about 41 – 49 % of neck length from anterior end. Anterior slender part of pharynx quite muscular, expanding gradually; expanded part 3.0 – 4.2 times as long as wide, 1.9 – 2.6 times as long as body diameter at neck base, occupying about 28 – 35 % of total neck length, enclosed in a thick sheath of sinistrally spiral muscles. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 73 – 75; DN = 74 – 76; DO-DN = 1.5-1.8; S1N1 = 82 – 83; S1N2 = 84; S2N = 94 as per Loof and Coomans (1970); D = 75 – 76; AS1 = 30 – 32; AS2 = 34; K = 88 – 92; PSN = 78 as per Andrássy (1998). Cardia oblong, 1.1 – 2.3 times as long as wide, occupying about one-fourth to less than one-half (26 – 45 %) of the corresponding body diameter.
Female: Genital system amphidelphic, both branches almost equally developed, anterior 6.7 – 9.3 % (n = 8) and posterior 7.4 – 9.6 % (n = 8) of total body length. Ovaries reflexed, not reaching oviduct-uterus junction, anterior 70 – 203 μm, and posterior 69 – 250 μm long, with squamous shaped oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviducts joining ovary subterminally, anterior 133 – 240 μm and posterior 147 – 240 μm long, consisting of a long slender part with prismatic cells and a slightly wider
Male: Similar to female in general morphology, except for posterior region of the body being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, with oppositely outstretched testes. In addition to the adcloacal pair, located at 10 – 11 μm from cloacal aperture, a series 11 – 14 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, 7 – 19 μm apart, beginning at 94 – 103 μm from the adcloacal pair. Copulatory muscles conspicuous, beginning from level of middle of spicule to beyond the range of supplements series. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, robust slightly curved ventrad, total length along the arc 1.0 – 1.1 times as long as chord, 4.3 – 5.2 times the maximum width and 1.5 – 1.8 times the body diameter at cloacal aperture.
Curvature about 133˚. Dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing prominent hump, located at 31 – 37 % of spicules total length from its anterior end; head 5 – 7 μm long, occupying about 9 – 13 % of total length; median piece 16 – 25 times as long as wide, occupying about 17 – 25 % of spicules maximum width. Posterior end 3 – 5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces simple, 6 – 7 times as long as wide or about one-sixth to one-fourth of spicules length. Prerectum 8.7 – 13.8 and rectum 1.4 – 1.6 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail long filiform, about 12.3 – 13.9 (n = 5) times cloacal body diameter long. Caudal pores three; a ventral, dorsal and sub-dorsal respectively.
Habitats and localities: Soil samples collected from around the root of: i) unidentified grass from Canacona, South Goa, India; coordinates 14°59’35.21” N 74°2’51.5” E on April 18, 2016; ii) paddy from Tinsukia district, Assam, India; coordinates 27°30’0.0” N 95°22’1.2” E on November 26, 2005.
Diagnosis and Remarks:
=
=
Measurements: See Table 2
Measurements of
Locality | Tamil Nadu population | Karnataka population | Goa population | Assam population |
---|---|---|---|---|
Characters | Females | Females | Females | Females |
n | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
L | 3.9± 0.1 (3.7 - 4.0) (n=3) | 3.4 ± 0.1 (3.3 - 3.5) | 3.3±0.1 (3.2 - 3.5) (n=3) | 3.2± 0.1 (3.1 - 3.4) (n=3) |
Body width at neck base | 52.6±3.8 (50 - 61) | 46.5±1.7 (44 - 48) | 49.4±3.8 (43 - 54) | 49.4± 4.3 (42 - 55) |
Body width at mid body | 61.1±3.8 (57 - 69) | 57.7 ±3.4 (52 - 61) | 59.8±5.9 (49 - 67) | 55.4± 4.4 (50 - 62) |
Body width at anus/ cloaca | 32.5±1.6 (31 - 36) | 31.7 ±1.1 (30 - 33) | 31.2±1.5 (30 - 33) | 29± 1.4 (27 - 31) |
a | 61.7± 3.9 (56.7 - 66.2) (n=3) | 59 ±4.0 (55.6 - 65.8) | 55.3 ± 2.3 (52.4 - 58) (n=3) | 58.7 ± 5.3 (53 - 68.2) (n=3) |
b | 11.7± 0.4 (11 - 12.2) (n=3) | 10.6±0.2 (10.2 - 10.8) | 10±0.4 (9.7 - 10.6) (n=3) | 10.6 ± 0.5 (9.9 - 11.2) (n=3) |
c | 5.3± 0.2 (5.1 - 5.4) (n=3) | 7.3±1.1 (6.3 - 9.1) | 4.8±0.3 (4.5 - 5.2) (n=3) | 4.6 ± 0.5 (4.0 - 5.4) (n=3) |
c' | 22.1± 1.9 (20 - 24.7) (n=3) | 14.8 ±2.4 (11.2 - 17.1) | 22.3±1.5 (20.3 - 23.7) (n=3) | 24.3±3.2 (20.5 - 28.7) (n=3) |
V | 34.6± 1.1 (33.4 - 36.1) (n=3) | 33.7 ±2.3 (29.7-35.3) | 34.9±0.8 (33.8 - 35.8) (n=3) | 33.8 ± 0.3 (33.4 - 34.2) (n=3) |
G1 | 10.3, 9.7 | 10.4±0.6 (9.6 - 11.2) | 11.2± 0.2 (11 - 11.4) (n=3) | 9.1± 0.3 (8.9 - 9.5) (n=3) |
G2 | 10.2 ± 0.4 (9.8 - 10.7) | 11.1 ±1.2 (9.8 - 13.0) | 11.4± 0.6 (10.5 - 12) (n=3) | 9.3 ± 0.1 (9.2 - 9.5) (n=3) |
Lip region width | 12.3±0.5 (12 - 13) | 11.2 ±0.4 (11 - 12) | 11 | 10.4± 0.5 (10 - 11) |
Lip region height | 5 | 4.5±0.5 (4 - 5) | 4.6±0.5 (4 - 5) | 4.7 ± 0.4 (4 - 5) |
Amphid aperture width | 6.6±0.4 (6 - 7) | 5 | 5.2 ±0.4 (5 - 6) | 6 |
Odontostyle length | 7 | 7.3±0.4 (7 - 8) | 7 | 6.8 ±0.2 (6 - 7) |
Odontophore length | 17±0.5 (16 - 18) | 17.5±0.5 (17 - 18) | 16.5±1.1 (15 - 18) | 15± 1.9 (12 - 17) |
Guiding ring from ant. End | 8.5±0.8 (8 - 10) | 8 | 8±0.9 (7 - 9) | 7.2± 1.0 (6 - 9) |
Nerve ring from ant. End | 146.1±3.3 (142 - 151) | 137.7 ±2.3 (135 - 140) | 141±1.4 (140 - 144) | 126± 5.7 (115 - 130) |
Neck length | 328±16.6 (303 - 348) | 318.5±2.9 (314 - 321) | 331.6± 14.1 (319 - 358) | 304.8± 6.2 (294 - 311) |
Expanded part of pharynx | 104.3±9.1 (86 - 114) | 110±6.1 (105 - 120) | 113±12.1(101 - 135) | 114.8± 8.8 (105 - 130) |
Cardia length | 15.3±1.5 (14 - 18) | 16.7 ±0.8 (16 - 18) | 13.6±1.9 (11 - 16) | 15.8± 1.0 (15 - 17) |
Anterior genital branch | 367.2±27.2 (341 - 418) | 354.2±24.3 (330 - 381) | 375±21.4 (341 - 396) | 298± 12.1 (274 - 306) |
Posterior genital branch | 374.8±37.6 (314 - 434) | 378.2±42.7 (336 - 442) | 375±20.4 (345 - 406) | 308.4± 13 (284 - 318) |
Vaginal depth | 36.3±1.5 (34 - 38) | 34.5±0.5 (34 - 35) | 34.4±0.5 (34 - 35) | 31.7 ± 1.3 (30 - 33) |
Vulva from ant. end | 1296.8± 84 (1161 - 1413) | 1144.4±76 (1019 - 1226) | 1197.4±115.6 (1063 - 1382) | 1095± 62.9 (1024 - 1167) |
Prerectum length | 442.6±24.1 (408 - 475) | 420.7±34.4 (396 - 480) | 385.6±61.4 (283 - 448) | 384± 56.1 (298 - 435) |
Rectum length | 40.6±1.6 (38 - 43) | 43.2 ±1.9 (41 - 46) | 43±2.4 (40 - 45) | 40.2± 3.2 (35 - 45) |
Tail length | 736± 40.9 (695 - 792) (n=3) | 469.7±66.2 (370 - 550) | 694±62.5 (610 - 760) (n=3) | 750.6± 44.1 (697 - 805) (n=3) |
broken L= (230 - 623) | (broken L) | broken L = (495,560) | broken L =620,635 |
Broken L = broken tail length
Description: Female: Large sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad, cylindroid, tapering towards both extremities but more so towards the posterior end as tail is long filiform. Cuticle with fine transverse striations, about 2 – 3 μm thick at anterior and mid-body, 4 – 5 μm on tail. Lateral chords with indistinct glandular bodies, 9 – 16 μm wide, and occupying about one-sixth to one-fourth (14.5 – 25.6 %) of mid body diameter. Ventral body pores poorly distinct, 11 in number; 6 in the pharyngeal region, 2 between pharyngeal base and vulva, and 3 from vulva to anus. Lip regions asymmetrical, slightly offset, about 2 – 3 times as wide as high or about one-fifth to one-fourth (20 – 25 %) of body diameter at neck base. Lips amalgamated, cephalic framework with poorly developed refractive elements; cephalic papillae distinct. Amphidial fovea stirrup-shaped, their aperture about half of lip region diameter, fusus at level of odontophore base. Guiding ring single, very conspicuous, at 0.5 – 0.9 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Odontostyle robust, 3.2 – 4.0 times as long as wide, 0.5 – 0.7 times as long as lip region diameter, its aperture about one-half of its length. Odontophore simple, rod-like, 1.7 – 2.6 times the odontostyle length. Nerve ring encircling anterior slender part of pharynx at about 37 – 49 % of the neck length from anterior end. Anterior slender part of pharynx quite muscular, expanding gradually; expanded part 3.6 – 5.2 times as long as wide, 1.7 – 2.7 times as long as body diameter at neck base, occupying about 28 – 41 % of total neck length, enclosed in a thick sheath of sinistrally spiral muscles. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 67 – 71; DN = 67 – 72; DO-DN = 0.61.0; S1N1 = 75; S1N2 = 80; S2N = 93 as per Loof and Coomans (1970); D = 67 – 71; AS1 = 20; AS2 = 34; K = 58; PSN = 78 as per Andrássy (1998). Cardia oblong, 1.0 – 1.8 times as long as wide, occupying about one-third of the corresponding body diameter. Genital system didelphic–amphidelphic, both the sexual branches almost equally developed, anterior 8.8 – 11.5 % (n = 9) and posterior 9 – 12 % (n = 9) of body length. Ovaries reflexed, not reaching oviduct-uterus junction, anterior 78 – 135 μm, and posterior 88 – 145 μm long, with squamous shaped oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviducts joining ovary subterminally, anterior 125 – 197 μm and posterior 130 – 205 μm long, consisting of a long slender part with prismatic cells and a slightly wider
Male: Not found.
Habitats and localities: Soil samples collected from around the roots of: i) unidentified grasses from Mudumalai National Park, Nilgiri Hills, Nilgiri district, Tamil Nadu, India; coordinates 11°29’52.4940” N 76°37’47.0028” E on November 20, 2016; ii) unidentified grasses in paddy field from Canacona, South Goa, India; coordinates 14°59’35.21” N 74°2’51.5” E on April 18, 2016;
iii) unidentified plant roots from village Verna, South Goa, India; coordinates 15°21’52.01” N 73°56’21.51” E on April 22, 2016; iv) unidentified shrub’s from village Gajanur, Shimoga district, Karnataka, India; coordinates 13°50’20.4” N 75°31’7.2” E on October 25, 2018; v) paddy field from district Tinsukia, Assam, India; coordinates 27°30’0.0” N 95°22’1.2” E.
Remarks:
Measurements: See Table 3
Measurements of
Locality | Type population | Kerala population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characters | Holotype female | Paratype females | Paratype males | Female |
n | 3 | 9 | 1 | |
L | 4.0 | 4.0 ± 0.4 (3.6 – 4.6) | 3.8 ± 0.1 (3.7 – 4.0) (n = 4) | 4.8 |
Body width at neck base | 48 | 50 ± 2.2 (48 – 53) | 47 ± 2.4 (44 – 51) | 60 |
Body width at mid body | 56 | 58 ± 2.4 (55 – 61) | 49.1 ± 3.7 (44 – 55) | 67 |
Body width at anus/ cloaca | 30 | 31 ± 1.4 (30 – 33) | 33.8 ± 1.8 (31 – 36) | 32 |
a | 72.8 | 70.4 ± 4.5 (66.1 – 76.6) | 78.7 ± 4.2 (72.8 – 82.2) (n = 4) | 71.5 |
b | 12.2 | 11.2 ± 0.7 (10.4 – 12.2) | 11.5 ± 0.6 (11 – 12.5) (n = 4) | 13.2 |
c | 5.4 | 6.3 ± 0.4 (5.85 – 6.6) | 5.4 ± 0.2 (5.2 – 5.7) (n = 4) | 5.4 |
c’ | 24.9 | 20.7 ± 0.5 (20 – 21.3) | 21.2 ± 1.5 (19.4 – 23.3) (n = 4) | 27.9 |
V | 32.1 | 32.8 ± 1.1 (31.2 – 33.6) | - | 30.6 |
G1 | 10.5 | 10.1 ± 0.4 (9.7 – 10.7) | - | 9.3 |
G2 | 12.7 | 12.1 ± 1.4 (11 – 14) | - | 11.3 |
Lip region width | 13 | 13.6 ± 0.5 (13 – 14) | 12.8 ± 0.6 (12 – 14) | 12 |
Lip region height | 5 | 5 ± 0.8 (4 – 6) | 5.4 ± 0.5 (5 – 6) | 5 |
Amphid aperture | 8 | 8.3 ± 0.5 (8 – 9) | 7.6 ± 0.8 (7 – 9) | |
Odontostyle length | 7 | 7.5 ± 0.4 (7 – 8) | 7.4 ± 0.4 (7 – 8) | 7 |
Odontophore length | 17 | 17.6 ± 0.5 (17 – 18) | 17.3 ± 1.0 (16 – 19) | 17 |
Guiding ring from ant. End | 9 | 9.3 ± 0.5 (9 – 10) | 8.3 ± 0.5 (8 – 9) | 8 |
Nerve ring from ant. End | 153 | 149.3 ± 6.0 (141 – 155) | 146.5 ± 2.1 (142 – 149) | 153 |
Neck length | 334 | 361.6 ± 14.3 (347 – 381) | 344.7 ± 15.4 (314 – 366) | 362 |
Expanded part of pharynx | 107 | 122.6 ± 6.6 (114 – 130) | 114.3 ± 10.3 (102 – 129) | 146 |
Cardia length | 25 | 24 ± 2.2 (21 – 26) | 22 ± 2.4 (17 – 25) | 25 |
Anterior genital branch | 429 | 415 ± 27.7 (388 – 453) | - | 445 |
Posterior genital branch | 519 | 503 ± 114.2 (404 – 663) | - | 542 |
Vaginal depth | 34 | 31.6 ± 1.2 (30 – 33) | - | 35 |
Vulva from ant. End | 1310 | 1339 ± 100 (1217 – 1463) | - | 1464 |
Prerectum length | 519 | 545.3 ± 41.9 (500 – 601) | 532.5 ± 79.8 (412 – 660) | 597 |
Rectum length | 41 | 41.6 ± 0.5 (41 – 42) | 46.7 ± 2.8 (44 – 52) | 41 |
Tail length | 748 | 642 ± 44.3 (602 – 704) (broken L) | 704 ± 26.9 (671 – 746) (n = 4) broken L (565 – 680) | 894 |
Spicule length | - | - | 49.5 ± 2.2 (45 – 53) | - |
Lateral guiding pieces | - | - | 13.7 ± 1.5 (12 – 16) | - |
Ventromedian supplements | - | - | 12 – 15 | - |
Broken L = (broken tail length)
Description: Adult: Large sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad. Body cylindroid, tapering towards both extremities but more so towards the posterior end as tail is long filiform. Body cuticle with fine transverse striations, about 2 μm thick along the body length, similar in both sexes except tail, 4 – 5 μm and 3.0 μm on tail in female and male respectively. Lateral chords with indistinct glandular bodies, 13 – 14 μm wide, occupying about one-fourth (23 – 24 %) of mid-body diameter. Lip region low, slightly offset, gradually narrowing, 2.3 – 3.2 times as wide as high and about one-fifth to one-third (20 – 30 %) of body diameter at neck base. Lips amalgamated, cephalic framework with poorly developed refractive elements; under SEM lip region continuous with the body contour, lips amalgamated; oral aperture triradiate, located in a ring-like elevation, surrounded by inner labial papillae that form parts of six small lobes distinctly protruding. Amphidial fovea cupshaped, their aperture occupying about 0.6 – 0.7 times the lip region diameter, fusus slightly posterior to odontophore base level. Guiding ring single, very conspicuous, at 0.6 – 0.7 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Odontostyle robust with wide lumen, 3.5 – 4.0 times as long as wide, or about 0.5 – 0.6 times the lip region diameter long, their aperture about one-half of its length. Odontophore simple, rod-like, 2.1 – 2.6 times the odontostyle length. Nerve ring encircling the anterior slender part of pharynx at about 41 – 46 % of neck length from anterior end. Anterior slender part of pharynx quite muscular, enlarging gradually; expanded part 3.9 – 5.4 times as long as wide, 2.2 – 2.6 times as long as body diameter at pharynx base, occupying about 32 – 40 % of total neck length, enclosed in a thick sheath of sinistrally spiral muscles. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 67; DN = 68; DO-DN = 0.3; S1N1 = 76; S1N2 = 77; S2N = 91 (n = 1) as per Loof and Coomans (1970); D = 67; AS1 = 28; AS2 = 29; K = 97; PSN = 70 as Andrássy (1998). First pair of subventral gland nuclei almost at the same level. Cardia oblong, 1.6 – 2.3 times as long as wide, occupying about two-fifths to one-half (42 – 53 %) of the corresponding body diameter. Well developed coelomocytes present, 32 – 110 μm behind pharyngeal base, ovoid, measuring 20 x 13 – 73 x 20 μm; in addition, 5 - 18 smaller ones behind pharynx base to vulva and 5 - 8 in post-vulval region. Body pores indistinct. Female: Genital system didelphic–amphidelphic, posterior branch slightly longer than anterior genital branch, anterior 10.5, 9.3 % (n = 2) and posterior 12.7, 11.3 % (n = 2) of total body length. Ovaries reflexed, not reaching oviduct-uterus junction, anterior 104 – 115 μm, and posterior 108 – 128 μm long, with squamous shaped oocytes arranged in a single row except near tip. Oviduct joining ovary subterminally, anterior 158 – 212 μm and posterior 185 – 260 μm long, consisting of a long slender part with prismatic cells and a slightly wider
Male: Similar to female in general morphology, except for posterior region of the body being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, with opposed outstretched testes. In addition to the adcloacal pair, located at 10 – 12 μm from cloacal aperture, a series of 12 – 15 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, 6 – 7 μm apart, beginning at 84 – 101 μm from the adcloacal pair; nine pairs of subventral precloacal papillae present. Copulatory muscles conspicuous, beginning from the level of middle of spicule to beyond the range of supplements series. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, robust, ventrally curved, total length along the arc, 1.0 – 1.3 times as long as chord, 3 – 5 times the maximum width and 1.3 – 1.7 times the body diameter at cloacal aperture. Curvature about 125˚. Dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing prominent hump, located at 33 – 43 % of spicules total length from its anterior end; head 2 – 5 μm long, occupying about 4.0 – 9.4 % of spicules length; median piece 16 – 24 times as long as wide, occupying about 12 – 27 % of spicules maximum width; posterior end 3 – 5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces simple, 4 – 6 times as long as wide or about one-fourth to one-third of spicules length. Prerectum 11.7 – 20.6 and rectum about 1.2 – 1.7 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail long filiform, about 19.4 – 23.3 (n = 4) times cloacal body diameter long. Caudal pores four; two lateral, one dorsal and one ventral.
Type habitat and locality: From soil around the roots of unidentified grass from Mudumalai National Park, Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, India; coordinates 11°29’52.4940” N 76°37’47.0028” E; collected on November 20, 2016.
Other habitat and locality: From around roots of unidentified grasses from the Chungathara, Malapuram, Kerala, India; coordinates 11°20’1.1” N 76°16’32.44” E; collected on November 16, 2016.
Type specimens: Holotype female on slide
Etymology: The new species is named after its type locality, India. Diagnosis and relationships:
Measurements: See Table 4
Measurements of
Locality | Type population | Karnataka population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characters | Holotype female | Paratype females | Paratype males | Female |
n | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1 |
L | 4.8 | 4.6± 0.3 (4.3 – 4.9) | 4.4±0.5 (3.8 – 5.0) (n=3) | 4.6 |
Body width at neck base | 40 | 42±1.3 (41 – 44) | 42.1±2.4 (38 – 45) | 47 |
Body width at mid body | 53 | 51.6±2.6 (47 – 55) | 48.6±4.7 (41 – 56) | 65 |
Body width at anus/ cloaca | 31 | 28.6±2.4 (25 – 32) | 36±2.2 (32 – 39) | 32 |
a | 92 | 88.9±4.9 (83.2 – 95.2) | 84.4± 10.7 (69.3 – 92.7) (n=3) | 71.6 |
b | 14.3 | 14.1± 0.6 (13 – 15) | 14.1± 0.8 (13 – 15) (n=3) | 13.2 |
c | 15 | 13.9±0.3 (13.5 – 14.3) | 14.2±5.0 (8.1 – 20.3) (n=3) | 14.9 |
c’ | 10.5 | 11.2± 1.2 (9.7 – 12.6) | 9.8± 3.6 (6.8 – 14.8) (n=3) | 9.8 |
V | 36.3 | 37.8± 1.6 (35.6 – 39.5) | - | 41.6 |
G1 | 10.2 | 9.2± 1.9 (6.6 – 13.3) | - | 6.9 |
G2 | 10.5 | 11.2± 0.7 (10.2 – 11.7) | - | 7.6 |
Lip region width | 10 | 10.6±0.5 (10 – 11) | 10.3±0.5 (10 – 11) | 10 |
Lip region height | 4 | 4.2±0.7 (3 – 5) | 4.5±0.5 (4 – 5) | 3 |
Amphid aperture width | 5 | 5.0±0.6 (4 – 6 ) | 6.3±0.7 (5 – 7) | 5 |
Odontostyle length | 5 | 5.2±0.4 (5 – 6) | 4.8±0.3 (4 – 5) | 5 |
Odontophore length | 11 | 11.5±0.7 (11 – 13) | 12±0.7 (11 – 13) | 11 |
Guiding ring from ant. End | 5 | 5.2±0.4 (5 – 6) | 5.3±0.5 (5 – 6) | 4 |
Nerve ring from ant. End | 143 | 149.4±2.9 (145 – 153) | 145.1±6.1 (135 – 155) | 142 |
Neck length | 340 | 331.8±11.6 (317 – 352) | 322.8±14.9 (297 – 339) | 352 |
Expanded part of pharynx | 90 | 93±10.4 (82 – 107) | 86.3±10.6 (76 – 107) | 138 |
Cardia length | 13 | 15.6±2.2 (12 – 19) | 13.1±2.5 (11 – 19) | 15 |
Anterior genital branch | 499 | 469.2±102.6 (288 – 575) | - | 320 |
Posterior genital branch | 512 | 514±33.2 (492 – 580) | - | 356 |
Vaginal depth | 30 | 30.2±0.7 (29 – 31) | - | 34 |
Vulva from ant. end | 1770 | 1703±115.8 (1550 – 1896) | - | 1934 |
Prerectum length | 455 | 373.7±42.5 (315 – 435) | 486.7±61 (432 – 602) | 290 |
Rectum length | 37 | 36.6±2.7 (32 – 40) | 46.7±2.6 (42 – 50) | 43 |
Tail length | 325 | broken L = 310 – 365 | 341± 97(247 – 475) (n=3) (broken L= 185 – 279) | 312 |
Spicule length | - | - | 51±2.5 (46 – 54) | - |
Lateral guiding pieces | - | - | 12.5±1.6 (11 – 16) | - |
Ventromedian supplements | - | - | 11 – 14 | - |
Broken L = (Broken tail length)
Description: Adult: Large sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad, cylindroid, tapering towards both extremities but more so towards the posterior end as tail is long filiform. Cuticle with fine transverse striations, about 1 – 2 μm thick at anterior region, 2 – 4 μm at mid-body and 3 – 5 μm on tail, similar in both sexes. Lateral chords with indistinct glandular bodies, 12 – 19 μm wide, occupying about one-fourth to one-third (23 – 30 %) of mid-body diameter. Body pores indistinct. Lip regions almost continuous, gradually narrowing, 2.0 – 3.3 times as wide as high and about one-fifth to two-seventh (21 – 27 %) of body diameter at neck base. Lips poorly angular, amalgamated; cephalic framework with poorly developed refractive elements; under SEM, lip region continuous with amalgamated lips; cephalic papillae distinctly protruding, labial papillae low, weakly protruding; inner labial papillae button-like, and surrounded by an annulus. Amphidial fovea cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about 0.4 – 0.5 times the lip region diameter, fusus slightly posterior to the odontophore base level. Guiding ring single, at 0.4 – 0.5 times lip region diameter from the anterior end. Odontostyle slender, irregular in shape, its ventral arm bent toward dorsal arm, 5 – 6 times as long as wide, about 0.4 – 0.6 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about one-fourth to one-third of its length. Odontophore simple, rod-like, 2.0 – 2.4 times the odontostyle length. Nerve ring encircling the anterior slender part of the pharynx at 40 – 47 % of neck length from anterior end. Anterior slender part of pharynx quite muscular, expanding gradually; expanded part 3.0 – 4.6 times as long as wide, 2.1 – 2.7 times as long as body diameter at neck base, occupying about 28 – 36 % of total neck length, enclosed in a thick sheath of sinistrally spiral muscles. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 69 – 77; DN = 70 –77; DO-DN = 0.3-0.6; S1N1 = 81 - 84; S1N2 = 82 – 86 (n = 3); S2N = 92 (n = 1); as per Loof and Coomans (1970); D = 73 – 77; AS1 = 29 – 30; AS2 = 31 – 32; K = 92 – 96; PSN = 65, 67 as per Andrássy (1998). Cardia oblong, 1.1 – 1.6 times as long as wide, occupying about two-seventh to two-fifths (28 – 43 %) of corresponding body diameter.
Compendium of morphometrics of species belonging to the genus
Character species | n | L | a | b | c | c' | v | Lrd | Odont. | Neck | Ph.exp. | Abd | Prerect. | Tail length | Vms | Spicule length | Geo. Dist. | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4♀♀ | 5.0-6.0 | 102-124 | 13-18 | 8-11 | 18-20 | 35-39 | 12 | 8 | 342-416 | 118-146 | 31-34 | 279-331 | 596-668 | - | - | Karnataka- India | Dhanam & Jairajpuri, 1998 | |
5.0-6.0 | 111-130 | 14-16 | 12-16 | - | - | - | 8 | 350-365 | 113-129 | 36-37 | 566-681 | 354-465 | 12-15 | 48-53 | ||||
5♀♀ | 1.9-4.0 | 59-78 | 6.5-11.7 | 5-10 | 13-21 | 35-44 | 10 | 5-7 | 252-350 | 95-140 | 19.4-28 | 175-311 | 252-588 | - | - | Nigeria | Ferris |
|
3♂♂ | 2.0-2.5 | 63-66 | 6.4-9.0 | 5-8 | - | - | - | - | 280-315 | 100-144 | - | - | 336-448 | 7-8 | 36-37 | |||
2♀♀ | 3.8-4.5 | 65-66 | 12-13 | 10 | - | 40-42 | 11* | 5* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Nainital- India | Jairajpuri, 1964 | |
233 | 3.7-4.3 | 61-86 | 12-13 | 11-12 | 13 | - | 11* | 5* | - | - | 30* | 300* | 390* | 15 | 50 | |||
1♂ | 3.7 | 88 | 13 | 14 | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | - | - | 15 | 49 | M.P.- India | Siddiqi, 1966 | ||
1♀ | 3.9 | 70 | 13 | 9 | - | 39 | - | 5-7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | UP-India | Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1968 | |
233 | 3.6-3.7 | 84-86 | 12.0-12.2 | 10-15 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 13 | 48-51 | |||
25♀♀ | 3.7-4.3 | 72-83 | 11.2-12.9 | 11-17 | 14* | 42-45 | 12* | 6-7 | 320-350 | 140* | 28-34 | 260-360 | 250-345 | - | - | Several localities-India | Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1978 | |
10♀♀ | 3.7-4.0 | 66-79 | 11.5-12.9 | 10-16 | 13* | - | - | 6-7 | 290-305 | 33-35 | - | 220-350 | 11-13 | 50-55 | ||||
8♀♀ | 4.1-4.6 | 77-85 | 13-15 | 7-8 | 18-21 | 35-42 | 10-11 | 5-6 | 304-326 | 93-108 | 28-31 | 260-303 | 425-604 | - | - | Goa- India | Present paper | |
5♀♀ | 3.8-4.5 | 80-88 | 11-14 | 8-10 | 12-14 | - | 10-11 | 5 | 309-342 | 88-104 | 33-36 | 370-457 | 440-480 | 10-14 | 52-54 | |||
4♀ | 3.3-4.5 | 64.4-73 | 11-13.7 | 9-11 | 10.7-15.4 | 36.3-40.4 | 10 | 5-6 | 302-341 | 85-118 | 28-32 | 220-319 | 300-478+ | - | - | Assam-India | Present paper | |
1♂ | 3.5 | 71.3 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.3 | - | 10 | 6 | 325 | 113 | 32 | 280 | 330+ | 12 | 57 | |||
6♀♀ | 4.8-5.7 | 85-117 | 13-17 | 12-15 | 12.5 | 33-40 | 10 | 8 | 334-367 | 84-118 | 32.8 | 230 | 389-400 | - | - | Bangladesh | Timm, 1964 | |
6♂♂ | 4.4-4.9 | 87-103 | 14-15.4 | 17- 20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12-16 | 54-57 | |||
2♀♀ | 3.9-4.0 | 65-68 | 11-12 | 4-6 | 20 | 34-35 | 10** | 7 | - | - | 33* | 17abd | 615* | - | - | Andaman- India | Jairajpuri, 1965 | |
5♀♀ | 3.1-3.4 | 53-68 | 10-11 | 4.0-5.4 | 21-29 | 33-34 | 10-11 | 6-7 | 294-311 | 105-130 | 27-31 | 298-435 | 697-805 | - | - | Assam-India | Present paper | |
5♀♀ | 3.2-3.5 | 52-58 | 10-11 | 4.5-5.0 | 20-24 | 34-36 | 11 | 7 | 319-358 | 101-135 | 30-33 | 283-448 | 610-760 | - | - | Goa-India | Present paper | |
6♀♀ | 3.7-4.0 | 57-66 | 11 -12 | 5.1-5.4 | 20-25 | 33-36 | 12-13 | 7 | 303-348 | 86-114 | 31-36 | 408-475 | 695-792 | - | - | Tamil Nadu | Present paper | |
4♀♀ | 3.3-3.5 | 55-66 | 10-11 | 6.3-9.0 | 11-17 | 30-35 | 11-12 | 7-8 | 314-321 | 105-120 | 30-33 | 396-480 | 370-550+ | - | - | Karnataka-India | Present paper | |
3♀♀ | 5.2-5.4 | 102-140 | 17-20 | 9-11 | 20 | 29-34 | 9 | 7 | 266-311 | 90-96 | 26 | 112-256 | 496-592 | - | - | Philipines | Ferris |
|
2♂♂ | 4.8-4.85 | 89-127 | 15.0-15.4 | 12-17 | - | - | - | - | 311 | 96 | - | - | 281-383 | 11-13 | 50-55 | |||
4♀♀ | 3.6-4.6 | 66-76 | 10.5-12.3 | 5.4-6.6 | 21-25 | 31-33 | 13-14 | 7-8 | 334-381 | 107-130 | 30-33 | 500-601 | 748 (602-704+) | - | - | Tamil Nadu-India | Present paper | |
3.7-4.0 | 73-82 | 11.0-12.5 | 5.2-5.7 | 19-23 | - | 12-14 | 7-8 | 314-366 | 102-129 | 31-36 | 412-600 | 671-746 | 12-15 | 45-53 | ||||
1♀ | 4.8 | 71.5 | 13.2 | 5.4 | 28 | 30.6 | 12 | 7 | 362 | 146 | 32 | 597 | 894 | - | - | Karnataka-India | Present paper | |
6♀♀ | 4.3-4.8 | 83-95 | 13-15 | 13-14 | 10-13 | 36-39 | 10-11 | 5-6 | 317-352 | 82-107 | 25-32 | 315-435 | 325 (310-365+) | - | - | Goa-India | Present paper | |
8♂♂ | 3.8-5.0 | 69-93 | 13.0-15.2 | 8-20 | 7-15 | - | 10-11 | 4-5 | 297-339 | 76-107 | 32-39 | 432-602 | 247-475 | 11-14 | 46-54 | |||
1♀ | 4.65 | 72 | 13 | 15 | 9.8 | 42 | 10 | 5 | 352 | 138 | 31 | 290 | 312 | - | - | Karnataka-India | Present paper |
Lrd = Lip region diameter; Odont = Odontostyle length; Ph. exp = Pharyngeal bulb; Prerect. = Prerectum length; Vms = Ventromedian supplements; Abd = Anal body diameter; (+)= Tail broken length; Geo. distr = Geographical distribution;
(*) = Calculated measurements from illustrations
Female: Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, both branches almost equally developed, anterior 6.8 – 10.2 % (n = 2) and posterior 7.6 – 10.5 % (n = 2) of body length. Ovaries reflexed, not reaching oviduct-uterus junction, anterior 94 – 156 μm, and posterior 94 – 160 μm long, with squamous-shaped oocytes arranged in a single rows except near tip. Oviduct joining ovary subterminally, anterior 125 – 314 μm and posterior 136 – 300 μm long, consisting of long slender part with prismatic cells and a slightly wider
Key to species of the genus
1. Odontostyle robust, with comparatively wide aperture……………………………….....…………….2 Odontostyle slender, with comparatively narrow aperture……………….…….............……....….....5
2. Vulva longitudinal………………………………………….……………….........….……
3. Body length 3.1 – 4.0 mm; guiding ring very conspicuous, irregular in shape; c = 4.0 – 6.0 in females…………………………………………………….........…....….……..
4. Odontostyle 9 μm long, irregular in shape; amphids stirrup-shaped; expanded part of the pharynx 32 – 35% of total neck length; c’= 12.5; spicules slightly arcuate, anterior part not notched…………… ………….……………………………....................................…………………….
5. Body 5.0 – 6.0 mm long, slender (a = 102 – 124); amphids stirrup-shaped; vulva pore-like;………… …………........…………………...…...............………....…......
6. Vulval papillae present……....…….....………………….........…………………
7. Expanded part of pharynx about 28 – 35% of total neck length; spicules robust, 48 – 57 μm long; ventromedian supplements 11 – 15……………….....…….…………………..
Male: Similar to female in general morphology, except for posterior region of the body being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, with opposed outstretched testes. In addition to the adcloacal pair, located at 7 – 9 μm from cloacal aperture, a series 11 – 14 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, 7 – 10 μm apart, beginning at 62 – 101 μm from the adcloacal pair. Copulatory muscles conspicuous, beginning from posterior end of spicule to beyond the range of supplements series. Spicule dorylaimoid, robust, slightly curved ventrad, total length along the arc 1.0 – 1.1 times as long as chord, 4.6 – 6.0 times the maximum width and 1.2 – 1.5 times body diameter at cloacal aperture. Curvature about 130˚. Dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing prominent hump, located at 35 – 41 % of spicules total length from its anterior end; head 5 – 7 μm long, occupying 9 – 13 % of total length; median piece 22 – 49 times as long as wide, and occupying 9 – 11 % of spicules maximum width. Posterior end 3 – 5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces simple, 5 – 8 times as long as wide or about onefourth to one-third of spicules length. Prerectum 11.8 – 15.3 and rectum 1.1 – 1.6 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail long filiform, about 6.9 – 14.8 (n = 3) times cloacal body diameter long. Caudal pores four; one ventral, one dorsal and two lateral in position.
Type habitat and locality: From soil around roots of unidentified plant near the Cuncolim, South Goa, India; coordinates 15°10’38.28” N 73°59’38.11” E; collected on April 20, 2016.
Other locality: From soil around roots of unidentified plant near Thirthahalli, Shimoga, Karnataka; India; coordinates 13°41’22.19” N 75°14’41.96” E; collected on October 25, 2018.
Type specimens: Holotype female on the slide
Etymology: The new species is named
Diagnosis and relationships: