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Comparative comprehensive analysis on natural infections of Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis nana in commensal rodents

S. K. Brar
S. K. Brar
, 
N. Singla
N. Singla
 and 
L. D. Singla
L. D. Singla
   | Sep 30, 2021
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Published Online: Sep 30, 2021
Page range: 248 - 262
Received: Jun 13, 2020
Accepted: Mar 29, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2021-0027
Keywords
© 2021 S. K. Brar, N. Singla, L. D. Singla, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Eggs of H. diminuta in an unstained wet mount of the faecalsample showing presence of hooks in the oncosphere and no polar filaments at 40x (a & b); Eggs of H. nana in an unstained wet mount of the faecal sample showinghooks in the oncosphere and polar filaments within the space between the oncosphere and outer shell at 40x (c & d)
Eggs of H. diminuta in an unstained wet mount of the faecalsample showing presence of hooks in the oncosphere and no polar filaments at 40x (a & b); Eggs of H. nana in an unstained wet mount of the faecal sample showinghooks in the oncosphere and polar filaments within the space between the oncosphere and outer shell at 40x (c & d)

Fig. 2

Tapeworm of H. nana showing four suckers (two visible in the view), an armed rostellum and gravid proglottids filled with eggs at 10x (a) and 40x (b); Tapeworm of H. diminuta showing four suckers, but only two visible in this view, an unarmed rostellum, mature proglottids and gravid proglottids containing a large number of eggs at 40x (c and d)
Tapeworm of H. nana showing four suckers (two visible in the view), an armed rostellum and gravid proglottids filled with eggs at 10x (a) and 40x (b); Tapeworm of H. diminuta showing four suckers, but only two visible in this view, an unarmed rostellum, mature proglottids and gravid proglottids containing a large number of eggs at 40x (c and d)

Fig. 3

Section of intestine showing parasitic enteritis (p), scolex of H. nana embedded in the mucosa (arrows), sloughing of intestinal mucosa with infiltration of mononuclear cells (mnc) and necrosis (nc) of villi at 20x (a)&40x (b); Section of intestine infected with H. nana showing severe mucous degeneration with lymphoid cell proliferation (lcp) andnecrosis in the submucosa (arrow) at 4x (c); Section of intestine infected with H. diminuta showing lymphoid cell proliferation (lcp) and eosinophilic cellular infiltration (ecf) in the submucosa at 10x (d)
Section of intestine showing parasitic enteritis (p), scolex of H. nana embedded in the mucosa (arrows), sloughing of intestinal mucosa with infiltration of mononuclear cells (mnc) and necrosis (nc) of villi at 20x (a)&40x (b); Section of intestine infected with H. nana showing severe mucous degeneration with lymphoid cell proliferation (lcp) andnecrosis in the submucosa (arrow) at 4x (c); Section of intestine infected with H. diminuta showing lymphoid cell proliferation (lcp) and eosinophilic cellular infiltration (ecf) in the submucosa at 10x (d)

Fig. 4

The PCR amplification of ITS-2 regions of the adult cestodes showing single band of H. diminuta (269 Bp) and H. nana (242 bp)
The PCR amplification of ITS-2 regions of the adult cestodes showing single band of H. diminuta (269 Bp) and H. nana (242 bp)

Fig. 5

Multiple alignment of H. diminuta (Punjab, India) with different geographical isolates.
Multiple alignment of H. diminuta (Punjab, India) with different geographical isolates.

Fig. 6

Multiple alignment of H. nana (Punjab, India) with different geographical isolates.
Multiple alignment of H. nana (Punjab, India) with different geographical isolates.

Fig. 7

Phylogenetic tree of H. diminuta (Punjab, India) constructed using Maximum Likelihood method in MEGA X software.
Phylogenetic tree of H. diminuta (Punjab, India) constructed using Maximum Likelihood method in MEGA X software.

Fig. 8

Phylogenetic tree of H. nana (Punjab, India) constructed using Maximum Likelihood method in MEGA X software.
Phylogenetic tree of H. nana (Punjab, India) constructed using Maximum Likelihood method in MEGA X software.

Infection rates of adult parasites of H. diminuta and H. nana in commensal rodents when found alone and in concurrence to each other.

Rodents species Endoparasites Found Number of host infected Percent host infected Number of parasites found Mean intensity Mean abundance
H. diminuta 106 52.73 238 2.24 1.18
Rattus rattus H. nana 128 63.70 575 4.49 2.86
(n=201) Concurrent infection 102 50.74 613 6.01 3.04
H. diminuta 50 55.55 112 2.24 1.24
bengalensis Bandicota H. nana 61 67.78 285 4.67 3.16
(n=90) Concurrent infection 46 51.11 265 5.76 2.94
(n=291) Overall 197 67.70 1210 6.14 4.15

j.helm-2021-0027.tab.004

Cestode species Egg dimensions (Mean±SD)
 Standard size of
Length (μm) Breadth (μm) Average
 eggs (μm)
(Range) (Range) Length (μm) Breadth (μm) (Wharyet al., 2015)
H. diminuta 72.75 – 80.25 64.75 – 70.50 76.50±3.01 67.62±2.42 70 – 85 x 60 – 80
H. nana 45.75 – 50.00 32.00 – 40.25 47.87±1.95 36.12±3.05 40 – 60 x 30 – 50

Comparative study of H. diminuta in two commensal rodents from different locations of Ludhiana with relation to season, age and sex of the host.

Epidemiological factors Host examined Infected Un-infected Percentage of hosts Parasite number x2 value P value (d.f.) Odd ratio Relative risk 95% Confidence interval
infected Lower limit Upper limit
Seasons Winter 96 46 50 47.91 102 2.42 0.29 0.92 1.00 0.74 1.35
Summer 97 58 39 59.79 130 (2) 1.48 1.26 0.96 1.65
Monsoon 98 52 46 53.06 118 1.13 1.13 0.85 1.50
Location Residences/shops 111 67 44 60.36 160 3.46 0.17 1.52 1.15 0.90 1.47
Poultry farms 120 58 62 48.33 119 (2) 0.93 1.00 0.76 1.29
Fish market 60 31 29 51.67 71 1.06 1.06 0.78 1.45
Species R. rattus 201 106 95 52.74 238 0.68 0.40 1.11 1.00 0.83 1.20
B. bengalensis 90 50 40 55.55 112 (1) 1.25 1.05 0.84 1.32
Sex Male 126 69 57 54.76 144 0.016 0.89 1.21 1.03 0.83 1.29
Female 165 87 78 52.72 206 (1) 1.11 1.00 0.81 1.23
Age Mature 238 145 93 60.92 326 28.12 <0.0001* 1.56 2.82 1.65 4.83
Young 53 11 42 20.75 24 (1) 0.26 1.00 0.47 2.10
Overall 291 156 135 53.60 350 -- -- -- -- -- --

Comparative study of H. nana in two commensal rodents from different locations of Ludhiana with relation to season, age and sex of the host.

Epidemiological factors Host examined Infected Un-infected Percentage of hosts Parasite number x2 value P value (d.f.) Odd ratio Relative risk 95% Confidence interval
infected Lower limit Upper limit
Seasons Winter 96 56 40 58.33 265 0.61 0.73 (2) 1.40 1.00 0.78 1.27
Summer 97 70 27 72.16 306 2.59 1.25 1.00 1.55
Monsoon 98 63 35 64.28 289 1.80 1.12 0.89 1.41
Location Residences/shops 111 81 30 72.97 368 0.28 0.86 (2) 2.70 1.15 0.95 1.40
Poultry farms 120 70 50 58.33 314 1.40 1.00 0.80 1.23
Fish market 60 38 22 63.33 178 1.72 1.08 0.85 1.38
Species R. rattus 201 128 73 63.68 575 0.14 0.69 (1) 1.75 1.00 0.86 1.15
B. bengalensis 90 61 29 67.78 285 2.10 1.06 0.89 1.26
Sex Male 126 82 44 65.07 370 0.08 0.77 (1) 1.86 1.01 0.84 1.19
Female 165 107 58 64.84 490 1.84 1.00 0.84 1.17
Age Mature 238 163 75 68.49 792 7.18 0.007* 2.17 1.34 1.00 1.79
Young 53 26 27 49.06 68 (1) 0.96 1.00 0.67 1.47
Overall 291 189 102 64.94 860 -- -- -- -- -- --
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