Open Access

Mutualism Within a Simulated Microgravity Environment - Piriformospora indica Promotes the Growth of Medicago truncatula

Martin W. Hayes
Martin W. Hayes
, 
Gary W. Stutte
Gary W. Stutte
, 
Michelle McKeon-Bennett
Michelle McKeon-Bennett
 and 
Patrick G. Murray
Patrick G. Murray
   | Mar 02, 2022
Gravitational and Space Research's Cover Image
About this article
Previous Article
Next Article
Cite
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Mar 02, 2022
Page range: 21 - 33
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2014-0015
Keywords
© 2014 Martin W. Hayes et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

2-D clinostat set up within the ECG, M. truncatula seeds are placed in the center of each Petri dish on MS media. Setup from a–d are horizontal static (HS), horizontal rotating (HR), vertical static (VS), and vertical rotating (VR), respectively. The VR (d) setup is an analog to simulate microgravity stress.
2-D clinostat set up within the ECG, M. truncatula seeds are placed in the center of each Petri dish on MS media. Setup from a–d are horizontal static (HS), horizontal rotating (HR), vertical static (VS), and vertical rotating (VR), respectively. The VR (d) setup is an analog to simulate microgravity stress.

Figure 2

Infection strategy of P. indica within M. truncatula at 1 g. The infection was monitored with the use of an ink-vinegar stain, which adheres to chitin within P. indica appearing as blue. Root sections are marked as follows: epidermis (e), cortex (c), and vascular bundle (vb). (A) P. indica grows along the M. truncatula root topography during an initial extracellular establishment by DAI 4. (B) By DAI 11, subepidermal P. indica root colonization is witnessed within the inner cortical cells. (C) DAI 11, P. indica colonizes the mature cortex root tissue intracellularly, completely occupying its host cells with chlamydospores. (D) At DAI 13, heavy fungal colonization is seen within the maturation zone of the M. truncatula root. Scale bars on all images represent 50 μm in length.
Infection strategy of P. indica within M. truncatula at 1 g. The infection was monitored with the use of an ink-vinegar stain, which adheres to chitin within P. indica appearing as blue. Root sections are marked as follows: epidermis (e), cortex (c), and vascular bundle (vb). (A) P. indica grows along the M. truncatula root topography during an initial extracellular establishment by DAI 4. (B) By DAI 11, subepidermal P. indica root colonization is witnessed within the inner cortical cells. (C) DAI 11, P. indica colonizes the mature cortex root tissue intracellularly, completely occupying its host cells with chlamydospores. (D) At DAI 13, heavy fungal colonization is seen within the maturation zone of the M. truncatula root. Scale bars on all images represent 50 μm in length.

Figure 3

Infection strategy of P. indica within M. truncatula at simulated microgravity. Root sections are marked as follows: epidermis (e), cortex (c), and vascular bundle (vb). (A) By DAI 12, subepidermal P. indica root colonization is witnessed within the inner cortical cells of M. trunatula. (B) Inner cortical cells of M. truncatula are intracellularly colonized by P. indica chlamydospores by DAI 12. Scale bars on all images represent 50 μm in length.
Infection strategy of P. indica within M. truncatula at simulated microgravity. Root sections are marked as follows: epidermis (e), cortex (c), and vascular bundle (vb). (A) By DAI 12, subepidermal P. indica root colonization is witnessed within the inner cortical cells of M. trunatula. (B) Inner cortical cells of M. truncatula are intracellularly colonized by P. indica chlamydospores by DAI 12. Scale bars on all images represent 50 μm in length.

Figure 4

The effect of P. indica inoculation on M. truncatula growth characteristics after 15 days inoculation at 1 g (HS). All displayed data was found to be significant (P < 0.05), respective P values are included on each graph. Sample size is displayed as n.
The effect of P. indica inoculation on M. truncatula growth characteristics after 15 days inoculation at 1 g (HS). All displayed data was found to be significant (P < 0.05), respective P values are included on each graph. Sample size is displayed as n.

Figure 5

The effect of clinorotation on the development of M. truncatula. HR, VS, and VR (microgravity) growth measurements are all compared to HS (1 g). P values displayed above each column describe the level of significant difference between the respective columns and the HS column. P values < 0.05 were accepted as significant, whereas non-significance is depicted as NS. Sample size is represented as n.
The effect of clinorotation on the development of M. truncatula. HR, VS, and VR (microgravity) growth measurements are all compared to HS (1 g). P values displayed above each column describe the level of significant difference between the respective columns and the HS column. P values < 0.05 were accepted as significant, whereas non-significance is depicted as NS. Sample size is represented as n.

Figure 6

Root growth stimulatory effect of P. indica on the growth of M. truncatula at 1 g and simulated microgravity. P values shown represent the level of significant difference between non-inoculated and P. indica inoculated M. truncatula on HS (1 g) and VR (microgravity) growth conditions. Sample size is represented as n.
Root growth stimulatory effect of P. indica on the growth of M. truncatula at 1 g and simulated microgravity. P values shown represent the level of significant difference between non-inoculated and P. indica inoculated M. truncatula on HS (1 g) and VR (microgravity) growth conditions. Sample size is represented as n.
eISSN:
2332-7774
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
2 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, other, Materials Sciences, Physics
Journal RSS Feed