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Water and carbon balances in a hemi-boreal forest

Emílio Graciliano Ferreira Mercuri
Emílio Graciliano Ferreira Mercuri
, 
Toomas Tamm
Toomas Tamm
 and 
Steffen Manfred Noe
Steffen Manfred Noe
   | Nov 09, 2023
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Article Category: Research paper
Published Online: Nov 09, 2023
Page range: 72 - 90
Received: Apr 20, 2023
Accepted: Sep 14, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2023-0006
© 2023 Emílio Graciliano Ferreira Mercuri et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Ditch located in Järvselja Forest, photograph taken by the authors in September 2017.
Ditch located in Järvselja Forest, photograph taken by the authors in September 2017.

Figure 2.

Scheme of a watershed showing the storage and fluxes in and out of the hydrologic system, adapted from Chow et al., 1988.
Scheme of a watershed showing the storage and fluxes in and out of the hydrologic system, adapted from Chow et al., 1988.

Figure 3.

Study area, meteorological and hydrometric measuring stations, Reola, Ahja and Kalli subbasins, location of Järvselja Forest and footprint area.
Study area, meteorological and hydrometric measuring stations, Reola, Ahja and Kalli subbasins, location of Järvselja Forest and footprint area.

Figure 4.

River flow from Reola and Ahja subbasins and precipitation measured at Tartu–Tõravere, Võru and SMEAR rain gauges.
River flow from Reola and Ahja subbasins and precipitation measured at Tartu–Tõravere, Võru and SMEAR rain gauges.

Figure 5.

(a) Daily average ET at Reola, Ahja and Kalli subbasins and SMEAR Estonia; (b) Daily average ET deviation: Reola, Ahja and Kalli minus SMEAR; (c) Comparison between uncorrected and corrected MODIS ET and SMEAR ET at Kalli subbasin.
(a) Daily average ET at Reola, Ahja and Kalli subbasins and SMEAR Estonia; (b) Daily average ET deviation: Reola, Ahja and Kalli minus SMEAR; (c) Comparison between uncorrected and corrected MODIS ET and SMEAR ET at Kalli subbasin.

Figure 6.

(a) Streamflow measured and modelled using Monte Carlo calibration at Reola subbasin; (b) Streamflow modelled using regionalization at Kalli subbasin.
(a) Streamflow measured and modelled using Monte Carlo calibration at Reola subbasin; (b) Streamflow modelled using regionalization at Kalli subbasin.

Figure 7.

Accumulated input (precipitation) against the accumulated output (evapotranspiration and river flow) with different corrections for (a) Reola subbasin and (b) Kalli subbasin.
Accumulated input (precipitation) against the accumulated output (evapotranspiration and river flow) with different corrections for (a) Reola subbasin and (b) Kalli subbasin.

Figure 8.

Water balance variation along the year for Reola and Kalli catchments, precipitation is positive (input) while evapotranspiration and streamflow are negative (outputs). (a) 6 years (2015–2020) of average monthly sums (P, ET, Q and ΔS) for Reola subbasin and (b) 10 years (2011–2020) of average monthly sums (P, ET, Q and ΔS) for Kalli subbasin.
Water balance variation along the year for Reola and Kalli catchments, precipitation is positive (input) while evapotranspiration and streamflow are negative (outputs). (a) 6 years (2015–2020) of average monthly sums (P, ET, Q and ΔS) for Reola subbasin and (b) 10 years (2011–2020) of average monthly sums (P, ET, Q and ΔS) for Kalli subbasin.

Figure 9.

Water balance variation along 10 and 6 years for Reola and Kalli catchments, respectively, precipitation is positive (input) while evapotranspiration and streamflow are negative (outputs). (a) 6 years (2015–2020) of yearly sums (P, ET, Q and ΔS) for Reola subbasin and (b) 10 years (2011–2020) of yearly sums (P, ET, Q and ΔS) for Kalli subbasin.
Water balance variation along 10 and 6 years for Reola and Kalli catchments, respectively, precipitation is positive (input) while evapotranspiration and streamflow are negative (outputs). (a) 6 years (2015–2020) of yearly sums (P, ET, Q and ΔS) for Reola subbasin and (b) 10 years (2011–2020) of yearly sums (P, ET, Q and ΔS) for Kalli subbasin.

Figure 10.

Daily water storage variation, ΔSi, and daily NEE for Kalli subbasin, the dashed lines represent the linear regression.
Daily water storage variation, ΔSi, and daily NEE for Kalli subbasin, the dashed lines represent the linear regression.

Areas of the watersheds and percentages of land use.

Watershed Area (km2) Forest (%) Crops (%) Rangelands (%) Other (%)
Ahja 920.1 55.3% 33.9% 8.7% 2.1%
Reola 236.4 54.8% 30.3% 13.1% 1.8%
Kalli 55.6 74.9% 0.0% 24.6% 0.5%
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