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Acorn production of pedunculate oak in northeast of Ukraine

Maksym Rumiantsev
Maksym Rumiantsev
, 
Oleksii Kobets
Oleksii Kobets
, 
Natalia Vysotska
Natalia Vysotska
, 
Volodymyr Luk’yanets
Volodymyr Luk’yanets
, 
Iryna Obolonyk
Iryna Obolonyk
, 
Olha Tupchii
Olha Tupchii
, 
Oleksandr Bondar
Oleksandr Bondar
 and 
Vitalii Nazarenko
Vitalii Nazarenko
   | Nov 09, 2023
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Article Category: Research paper
Published Online: Nov 09, 2023
Page range: 14 - 27
Received: Feb 14, 2023
Accepted: Mar 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2023-0002
© 2023 Maksym Rumiantsev et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Map of oak forests (grey) in the Kharkiv region and location of the study area.
Map of oak forests (grey) in the Kharkiv region and location of the study area.

Figure 2.

Proportion of healthy and damaged acorns in oak stands in 2020 and 2021.
Proportion of healthy and damaged acorns in oak stands in 2020 and 2021.

Figure 3.

Quantity of acorns in oak stands with different stock densities by study years: (a) – stands aged 101–120; (b) – stands aged 121–150 (N – number of acorns per hectare, P – stock density, solid line – 2020, dashed line – 2021).
Quantity of acorns in oak stands with different stock densities by study years: (a) – stands aged 101–120; (b) – stands aged 121–150 (N – number of acorns per hectare, P – stock density, solid line – 2020, dashed line – 2021).

Mensuration characteristics of the studied oak stands and their coordinates.

Research plot Characteristics of shelterwood Location of plot
Composition [%] Age [year] Stock density Stock [m3 · ha-1] Latitude Longitude
Stands aged 101–120
1 Oak 90%–N-Maple 10% 115 0.6 260 36°16′44″ 50°06′04″
2 Oak 90%–F-Maple 10%–Ash 110 0.7 240 36°20′31″ 50°06′27″
3 Oak 80%–N-Maple 20% 103 0.8 290 36°18′56″ 50°10′48″
4 Oak 90%–F-Maple 10% 105 0.9 330 36°19′33″ 50°10′45″
Stands aged 121–150
5 Oak 90%–N-Maple 10% 135 0.5 230 36°17′53″ 50°05′51″
6 Oak 90%–N-Maple 10%–Ash 145 0.6 270 36°18′59″ 50°11′06″
7 Oak 90%–N-Maple 10% 130 0.7 320 36°18′57″ 50°11′08ȃ
8 Oak 80%–Lime 10%–N-Maple 10% 125 0.8 325 36°17′29″ 50°05′54″

Number of acorns per hectare in oak stands by study years.

Statistical value Study year
2020 2021
Stands aged 101–120
Minimum 9,900 9,800
Maximum 13,000 13,500
Average 11,000 11,400
Standard error 1,400 1,610
Coefficient of variation (CV) [%] 13 14
Stands aged 121–150
Minimum 10,600 8,600
Maximum 19,000 17,200
Average 14,400 12,600
Standard error 3,570 3,570
Coefficient of variation (CV) [%] 25 28

The quantity and weight of oak acorns under the canopy of the studied oak stands.

Research plot Characteristics 2020 2021
Healthy acorns Damaged acorns Total Healthy acorns Damaged acorns Total
1 Number of acorns per hectare 3,200 7,100 10,300 3,100 7,400 10,500
(numerator)/Percent (denominator) 31 69 100 30 70 100
Kg of acorns per hectare 8.6 18.2 26.8 8.4 18.6 27.0
Weight of 1,000 oaks [kg] 2.68 2.57 5.25 2.71 2.51 5.22
2 Number of acorns per hectare 4,700 8,300 13,000 4,200 9,300 13,500
(numerator)/Percent (denominator) 36 64 100 31 69 100
Kg of acorns per hectare 13.1 20.6 33.7 12.1 25.8 37.9
Weight of 1,000 oaks [kg] 2.78 2.48 5.26 2.87 2.77 5.64
3 Number of acorns per hectare 3,400 7,200 10,600 4,300 7,300 11,600
(numerator)/Percent (denominator) 32 68 100 37 63 100
Kg of acorns per hectare 10.1 19.4 29.5 11.3 18.8 30.1
Weight of 1,000 oaks [kg] 2.98 2.69 5.67 2.62 2.57 5.19
4 Number of acorns per hectare 3,100 6,800 9,900 3,200 6,600 9,800
(numerator)/Percent (denominator) 31 69 100 33 67 100
Kg of acorns per hectare 8.9 18.8 27.7 8.9 18.2 27.1
Weight of 1,000 oaks [kg] 2.88 2.77 5.65 2.79 2.76 5.55
5 Number of acorns per hectare 4,400 10,700 15,100 3,500 9,400 12,900
(numerator) / Percent (denominator) 29 71 100 27 73 100
Kg of acorns per hectare 13.1 30.7 43.8 9.3 24.3 33.6
Weight of 1,000 oaks [kg] 2.98 2.87 5.85 2.67 2.59 5.26
6 Number of acorns per hectare 5,400 13,600 19,000 4,300 12,900 17,200
(numerator)/Percent (denominator) 28 72 100 25 75 100
Kg of acorns per hectare 15.6 38.5 54.1 12.3 36.1 48.4
Weight of 1,000 oaks [kg] 2.89 2.83 5.72 2.87 2.80 5.67
7 Number of acorns per hectare 3,700 9,200 12,900 3,500 8,100 11,600
(numerator)/Percent (denominator) 29 71 100 30 70 100
Kg of acorns per hectare 10.6 25.6 36.2 9.9 22.2 32.1
Weight of 1,000 oaks [kg] 2.86 2.78 5.64 2.84 2.74 5.58
8 Number of acorns per hectare 2,700 7,900 10,600 2,200 6,400 8,600
(numerator)/Percent (denominator) 25 75 100 26 74 100
Kg of acorns per hectare 7.7 21.1 28.8 5.9 16.8 22.7
Weight of 1,000 oaks [kg] 2.87 2.67 5.54 2.67 2.62 5.29

Number of acorns per m2 on research plots by study years.

Research plot Study year Statistical value
Minimum Maximum Average Standard error Coefficient of variation (CV) [%]
1 2020 0 4 1.0 1.11 106
2021 0 6 1.1 1.20 113
2 2020 0 5 1.3 1.22 94
2021 0 6 1.3 1.15 86
3 2020 0 3 1.1 1.00 94
2021 0 3 1.2 0.93 80
4 2020 0 3 1.0 0.88 88
2021 0 3 1.0 0.80 81
5 2020 0 6 1.5 1.25 82
2021 0 3 1.3 0.78 61
6 2020 0 5 1.9 1.27 67
2021 0 5 1.7 0.99 58
7 2020 0 5 1.3 1.23 95
2021 0 3 1.2 1.00 86
8 2020 0 4 1.1 0.91 86
2021 0 3 0.9 0.73 85

Weight (kg per hectare) of 1,000 acorns in oak stands by study years.

Statistical value Study year
2020 2021
Healthy acorns Damaged acorns Healthy acorns Damaged acorns
Stands aged 101–120
Minimum 2.68 2.48 2.62 2.51
Maximum 2.98 2.77 2.87 2.77
Average 2.83 2.63 2.75 2.73
Standard error 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.13
Coefficient of variation [%] 5 5 4 5
Stands aged 121–150
Minimum 2.86 2.67 2.67 2.59
Maximum 2.98 2.87 2.87 2.80
Average 2.90 2.79 2.76 2.75
Standard error 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.10
Coefficient of variation [%] 2 3 4 4

Scale of rough estimation of flowering and fructification of oak stands according to V. Kapper (Kapper, 1930).

Points of flowering and fructification Description
0 Flowering and fructification are absent
1 Very poor flowering or very poor fructification (few flowers or fruits on trees growing on the edges or outside stands and very few on those growing within stands)
2 Poor flowering and poor fructification (very satisfactory and even flowering or fructification of trees growing on the edges or outside stands and poor flowering or fructification within stands)
3 Normal flowering or normal fructification (substantial flowering or fructification of trees growing on the edges or outside stands and good flowering or fructification in middle-aged and mature stands)
4 Good flowering or good fructification (abundant flowering or fructification of trees growing on the edges or outside stands and good flowering or fructification in middleaged and mature stands)
5 Very good flowering or very good fructification (abundant flowering or fructification of trees growing on the edges or outside stands as well as in middle-aged and mature stands)
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