<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec>
<h3>Objective</h3>
<p>To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections (IMIs), focusing on immunizations.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Methods</h3>
<p>The present study comprises 2 reviews, characterized by high-quality evidence, pertaining to the deployment of the slow injection technique without aspiration (referred to in this paper as the without-aspiration slow injection technique [WASiT]) and combined with the Zeta-track technique (ZTT). The literature review is oriented toward the analysis of 2 features associated with IMIs techniques: safety and pain, integrating new evidence on vaccinee positioning for each muscle site and general relaxation techniques in the multi-parametric analysis.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>The rigorous and in-depth reviews in the current study reveal the usefulness of including, among the international guidelines for via intramuscular immunizations, the adoption of WASiT only for compliant vaccinees, and in combination with all validated techniques for IMIs, and the use of ZTT limitedly if specific well-developed muscles are indicated. All the technique’s limitations are exposed.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p>Future research directions are presented by including the author’s study designs to provide indirect evidence for the validity of the rationale of the slow injection technique using scientific methods, and for the conduction of future randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focused on revisiting the adoption of ZTT in a dynamic and integrated immunizations protocol in anterolateral thigh (ALT), ventrogluteal (VG), and also in the deltoid muscle, in the specific cases analyzed.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Objective
To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections (IMIs), focusing on immunizations.


Methods
The present study comprises 2 reviews, characterized by high-quality evidence, pertaining to the deployment of the slow injection technique without aspiration (referred to in this paper as the without-aspiration slow injection technique [WASiT]) and combined with the Zeta-track technique (ZTT). The literature review is oriented toward the analysis of 2 features associated with IMIs techniques: safety and pain, integrating new evidence on vaccinee positioning for each muscle site and general relaxation techniques in the multi-parametric analysis.


Results
The rigorous and in-depth reviews in the current study reveal the usefulness of including, among the international guidelines for via intramuscular immunizations, the adoption of WASiT only for compliant vaccinees, and in combination with all validated techniques for IMIs, and the use of ZTT limitedly if specific well-developed muscles are indicated. All the technique’s limitations are exposed.


Conclusions
Future research directions are presented by including the author’s study designs to provide indirect evidence for the validity of the rationale of the slow injection technique using scientific methods, and for the conduction of future randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focused on revisiting the adoption of ZTT in a dynamic and integrated immunizations protocol in anterolateral thigh (ALT), ventrogluteal (VG), and also in the deltoid muscle, in the specific cases analyzed.

Intramuscular vaccine administrations including the adoption of “Zeta-track technique” &amp; “without aspiration slow injection technique” (ZTT &amp; WASiT): a prospective review

Frontiers of Nursing

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Intramuscular vaccine administrations including the adoption of “Zeta-track technique” & “without aspiration slow injection technique” (ZTT & WASiT): a prospective review

Objective
To review the current literature on the practice of intramuscular injections (IMIs), focusing on immunizations.


Methods
The present study comprises...

Intramuscular vaccine administrations including the adoption of “Zeta-track technique” & “without aspiration slow injection technique” (ZTT & WASiT): a prospective review

Article Category: Review

Published Online: Mar 20, 2023

Page range: 21 - 42

Received: Apr 07, 2022

Accepted: Jun 14, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2023-0003

Keywords
local reactogenicity, injection site reactions, injection technique safety, intramuscular injections, immunogenicity, vaccinal solution leakage, without-aspiration slow technique, Zeta-track technique

© 2023 Elena Sblendorio, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Intramuscular vaccine administrations including the adoption of “Zeta-track technique” & “without aspiration slow injection technique” (ZTT & WASiT): a prospective review

Article Category: Review

Published Online: Mar 20, 2023

Page range: 21 - 42

Received: Apr 07, 2022

Accepted: Jun 14, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2023-0003

Keywordslocal reactogenicity, injection site reactions, injection technique safety, intramuscular injections, immunogenicity, vaccinal solution leakage, without-aspiration slow technique, Zeta-track technique

© 2023 Elena Sblendorio, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
local reactogenicity, injection site reactions, injection technique safety, intramuscular injections, immunogenicity, vaccinal solution leakage, without-aspiration slow technique, Zeta-track technique