Open Access

Evaluation of undergraduate students’ nursing assessment and communication skills through an objective structured clinical examination within a high-fidelity simulation using a student-simulated patient

   | Aug 18, 2021

Cite

Figure 1

The simulated scenario for OSCE. OSCE, objective structured clinical examination.
The simulated scenario for OSCE. OSCE, objective structured clinical examination.

Communication evaluation rubric.

Items A PA N/I
(1) Self-introduction and explanation Introduce herself/himself to patient; and explain the reason for visiting Introduce herself/himself to patient; or explain the reason for visiting Neither introduction nor explanation
(2) Questioning Start with open-ended questions and continue to use as appropriate Begin with open-ended questions but no longer used Closed questions are used
(3) Ordering questions Guide patient narration by asking the organized questions Guide the patient to narrate, but ordering questions are illogical Questioning lacks logic and cannot guide patients to narrate
(4) Communication continuity Give patients enough time to express themselves without interrupting Do not disturb, but do not provide enough time for the patient to express Patient narrative is interrupted
(5) Confirming information Repeat the information and confirm that it is correct Repeat the information, but do not confirm it is correct Do not reconfirm information
(6) Wording expression The wording is easy to be understood and nursing/medical terms are avoided Occasional usage of nursing/medical terms without affecting understanding Using nursing/medical terms is difficult to be understood
(7) Focusing on patient understanding Respond appropriately to the patient’s doubts and express concern towards the patient’s understanding Ask the patient’s doubts, but do not concern the patient’s understanding Neither ask patient’s doubts nor concern patient’s understanding
(8) Explanation The provided information is clear and understandable Most of the information provided is clear, but some information is difficult to be understood The explanation was confusing, and consequently the patient is unable to understand it
(9) Eye contacting and touching Maintain eye-contact when talking with patient and touch patient appropriately Maintain eye contacting when talking with patient; OR touch patient appropriately Nonverbal behavior is negative or interferes with communication
(10) Tone and facial expression Use appropriate voice and intonation and smile to encourage the interaction Use appropriate voice and intonation; OR smile to encourage interaction
(11) Listening Listening is more than talking; and leaning towards the patient to show listening intently Listening is more than talking; OR leaning towards the patient to show listening intently
(12) Empathy Express empathy to build the relationship with the patient and understand the patient’s feelings Attempt empathy, partially express the understanding of patient’s feelings Neither express empathy nor understand the patient’s feelings
(13) Culture assessment Assess the patients’ beliefs, customs, and hobbies Assess the patient’s beliefs; OR customs and hobbies Do not assess patients’ beliefs, customs and hobbies
(14) Assessing patient’s feeling Inquire about patient’s feelings about disease/injury, and/or treatment Assess the patient’s feelings about the disease, but not all Do not assess the patient’s feelings

Comparison of scores of nursing assessment and communication according to student characteristics.

Student characteristics Nursing assessment Communication


Mean (SD) Mean difference Independent t-test t (P-value) Mean (SD) Mean difference Independent t-test t (P-value)
Gender 0.05 0.403 (0.668) 0.22 1.803 (0.077)
  Male 1.29 (0.39) 1.29 (0.43)
  Female 1.25 (0.35) 1.06 (0.38)
Academic year −0.37 −4.384 (0.000) −0.24 −2.303 (0.025)
  Year 2 1.07 (0.31) 1.00 (0.34)
  Year 3 1.44 (0.32) 1.24 (0.43)
CP −0.37 −4.384 (0.000) −0.24 −2.303 (0.025)
  16 1.07 (0.31) 1.00 (0.34)
  30 1.44 (0.32) 1.24 (0.43)
PS 0.78 6.507 (0.000) 0.41 4.343 (0.000)
  Yes 1.50 (0.31) 1.33 (0.42)
  No 1.02 (0.23) 0.92 (0.25)
ISP 0.37 3.253 (0.002) 0.25 1.850 (0.070)
  Yes 1.55 (0.25) 1.32 (0.42)
  No 1.18 (0.35) 1.07 (0.39)

Score description of communication skills in OSCE (N = 54).

Items n (%) Mean SD Difficulty Discrimination


A PA N/I r (P-value) Level
Self-introduction and explanation 5 (9.3) 7 (13.0) 42 (77.8) 0.31 0.64 0.16 0.38 (0.005) Better
Questioning 12 (22.2) 38 (70.4) 4 (7.4) 1.15 0.53 0.57 0.65 (0.000) Good
Ordering questions 23 (42.6) 29 53.7) 2 (3.7) 1.39 0.56 0.69 0.68 (0.000) Good
Communication continuity 26 (48.1) 27 (50.0) 26 (48.1) 1.46 0.54 0.73 0.68 (0.000) Good
Confirming information 3 (5.6) 22 (40.7) 29 (53.7) 0.52 0.61 0.26 0.42 (0.002) Good
Wording expression 27 (50.0) 25 (46.3) 2 (3.7) 1.46 0.57 0.73 0.60 (0.000) Good
Focusing on patient understanding 12 (22.2) 25 (46.3) 17 (31.5) 0.91 0.73 0.45 0.70 (0.000) Good
Explanation 14 (25.9) 32 (59.3) 8 (14.8) 1.11 0.63 0.56 0.75 (0.000) Good
Eye contacting and touching 30 (55.6) 22 (40.7) 2 (3.7) 1.52 0.57 0.76 0.84 (0.000) Good
Tone and facial expression 25 (46.3) 28 (51.9) 1 (1.9) 1.44 0.54 0.72 0.83 (0.000) Good
Listening 34 (63.0) 17 (31.5) 3 (5.6) 1.57 0.60 0.79 0.82 (0.000) Good
Empathy 23 (42.6) 29 (53.7) 2 (3.7) 1.39 0.56 0.69 0.60 (0.000) Good
Culture assessment 6 (11.1) 11 (20.4) 37 (68.5) 0.43 0.69 0.21 0.60 (0.000) Good
Assessing patient’s feeling 17 (31.5) 22 (40.7) 15 (27.8) 1.03 0.78 0.52 0.70 (0.000) Good
Total 1.12 0.40 0.56

Score description of nursing assessment skills in OSCE (N = 54).

Items n (%) Mean SD Difficulty Discrimination


A PA N/I r (P-value) Level
Self-introduction and patients appease 9 (6.7) 45 (83.3) 0 (0.0) 1.17 0.38 0.59 0.21 (0.126) Better
Check the patient and doctor’s order 45 (83.3) 7 (13.0) 2 (3.7) 1.80 0.49 0.90 0.30 (0.027) Better
Causes assessment 29 (53.7) 1 (1.9) 24 (44.4) 1.09 0.99 0.55 0.37 (0.005) Better
Pain assessment
Time, location, and radiation 40 (74.1) 12 (22.2) 2 (3.7) 1.70 0.54 0.85 0.48 (0.000) Good
Nature, degree 31 (57.4) 8 (14.8) 15 (27.8) 1.30 0.88 0.65 0.47 (0.000) Good
Aggravating and mitigating factors 26 (48.1) 2 (3.7) 26 (48.1) 1.00 0.99 0.50 0.67 (0.000) Good
Vomiting assessment
Time, volume, and frequency 18 (33.3) 4 (7.4) 32 (59.3) 0.74 0.94 0.37 0.64 (0.000) Good
Color, nature 15 (27.8) 1 (1.9) 38 (70.4) 0.57 0.90 0.29 0.60 (0.000) Good
Diarrhea assessment
Time, volume, and frequency 16 (29.6) 2 (3.7) 36 (66.7) 0.63 0.92 0.32 0.45 (0.001) Good
Color, nature 9 (16.7) 5 (9.3) 40 (74.1) 0.43 0.77 0.22 0.46 (0.000) Good
Hypoxia time, intensity 20 (37.0) 14 (25.0) 20 (37.0) 1.00 0.87 0.50 0.51 (0.000) Good
Physical examination
Blood pressure and pulse 28 (51.9) 24 (44.4) 2 (3.7) 1.48 0.57 0.74 0.45 (0.001) Good
Temperature and respiration 27 (50.0) 24 (44.4) 3 (5.6) 1.44 0.60 0.72 0.50 (0.000) Good
Blood oxygen saturation, cyanosis 47 (87.0) 7 (13.0) 0 (0.0) 1.87 0.34 0.91 0.16 (0.255) Poor
Cardiac auscultation 49 (90.7) 2 (3.7) 3 (5.6) 1.85 0.49 0.93 0.18 (0.206) Poor
Chest palpation: tactile tremor 29 (53.7) 3 (5.6) 22 (40.7) 1.13 0.97 0.57 0.54 (0.000) Good
Lung auscultation (bilateral) 50 (92.6) 1 (1.9) 3 (5.6) 1.87 0.48 0.94 0.16 (0.247) Poor
Abdomen palpation 40 (74.1) 5 (9.3) 9 (16.7) 1.57 0.77 0.79 0.47 (0.000) Good
Abdomen auscultation 43 (79.6) 4 (7.4) 7 (13.0) 1.67 0.70 0.84 0.36 (0.007) Better
History inquiry
Disease, medication 35 (64.8) 4 (7.4) 15 (27.8) 1.37 0.90 0.69 0.59 (0.000) Good
Surgery/trauma, bleeding/transfusion 24 (44.4) 5 (99.3) 25 (46.3) 0.98 0.96 0.49 0.62 (0.000) Good
Special diet/hobbies, beliefs/family history 24 (44.4) 7 (13.0) 23 (42.6) 1.02 0.94 0.51 0.54 (0.000) Good
Total 1.26 0.36 0.63

Characteristics of participants in nursing assessment OSCE (N = 54).

Characteristics n % M ± SD
Age (years) 22.54 ± 1.55
  20–24 48 88.9
  25–29 6 11.1
Gander
  Female 40 74.1
  Male 14 25.9
Academic year
  Year 2 27 50
  Year 3 27 50
CP (weeks) 23.00 ± 7.07
  16 27 50
  30 27 50
PS
  Yes 27 50
  No 27 50
ISP
  No 43 95.6
  Yes 11 24.4
eISSN:
2544-8994
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Assistive Professions, Nursing