<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Research background</h3>
<p>Household income is one of the most important economic categories depending on various factors, in particular on the level of education of the head of the household. Salaries are treated as the market valuation of graduates made by employers. Hence, the question arises of how the education system affects the distribution of household income, in particular in the group of people with higher education.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Purpose</h3>
<p>The aim of the paper is to apply the Singh-Maddala model to describe the income distribution of people with primary, secondary and higher education in Poland and the USA. On the basis of numerical characteristics and measures of income inequality, the situation of education, in particular higher education, and its impact on household income in the analyzed countries were assessed.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Research methodology</h3>
<p>The study used data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) from 2020. All analyzes were based on the Singh-Maddala model. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the model parameters.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>The analysis showed that the higher the level of education, the better the income situation of the household. In Poland, salaries in the group of people with higher education are the most unequal, while in the USA the greatest income inequalities occur in the group of people with primary education.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Novelty</h3>
<p>The paper describes the issue of household income distribution and income inequality, which is an important and current socio-economic problem. To describe and analyze the economic situation of the household incomes of people with different levels of education in Poland and the USA statistical data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) was used. Empirical studies conducted for different samples add significantly to existing knowledge on the topic.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Research background
Household income is one of the most important economic categories depending on various factors, in particular on the level of education of the head of the household. Salaries are treated as the market valuation of graduates made by employers. Hence, the question arises of how the education system affects the distribution of household income, in particular in the group of people with higher education.

Purpose
The aim of the paper is to apply the Singh-Maddala model to describe the income distribution of people with primary, secondary and higher education in Poland and the USA. On the basis of numerical characteristics and measures of income inequality, the situation of education, in particular higher education, and its impact on household income in the analyzed countries were assessed.

Research methodology
The study used data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) from 2020. All analyzes were based on the Singh-Maddala model. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the model parameters.

Results
The analysis showed that the higher the level of education, the better the income situation of the household. In Poland, salaries in the group of people with higher education are the most unequal, while in the USA the greatest income inequalities occur in the group of people with primary education.

Novelty
The paper describes the issue of household income distribution and income inequality, which is an important and current socio-economic problem. To describe and analyze the economic situation of the household incomes of people with different levels of education in Poland and the USA statistical data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) was used. Empirical studies conducted for different samples add significantly to existing knowledge on the topic.

A Comparative Analysis of Household Incomes of People with Different Levels of Education in Poland and the USA

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Research background
Household income is one of the most important economic categories depending on various factors, in particular on the level of education of...

A Comparative Analysis of Household Incomes of People with Different Levels of Education in Poland and the USA

Published Online: Dec 09, 2023

Page range: 387 - 401

Received: Jun 05, 2023

Accepted: Oct 11, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2023-0037

Keywords
income distribution, Singh-Maddala model, Gini index, Poland, USA, quality of education

© 2023 Kamila Trzcińska et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

A Comparative Analysis of Household Incomes of People with Different Levels of Education in Poland and the USA

Published Online: Dec 09, 2023

Page range: 387 - 401

Received: Jun 05, 2023

Accepted: Oct 11, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2023-0037

Keywordsincome distribution, Singh-Maddala model, Gini index, Poland, USA, quality of education

© 2023 Kamila Trzcińska et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Keywords
income distribution, Singh-Maddala model, Gini index, Poland, USA, quality of education