<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold>Research background:</bold> The study exemplifies the issues presented in the international trade data, which can affect the efficiency of customs controls in clearance systems.<bold>Purpose:</bold> The purpose of the research is to find a method of identifying suspicious transactions in datasets, where the risk factor is related to the overvaluation of goods covered under export procedure and data that are affected by areas of extra high density.<bold>Research methodology:</bold> The proposed methodology is two-step. Firstly, to eliminate areas of extra high density, with the use of a sampling scheme set reciprocally to the intensity point pattern, defined by means of a two-dimensional kernel estimator. Next, based on sampled data, a quantile regression model is built. Moreover, the inference about the type of model is provided by using the Khmaladze test.<bold>Results:</bold> The example highlights the benefits of the use of the two-step approach in model building. The proposed methodology provides the foundation for the inference by means of the Khmaladze test. The reliable threshold for selecting the suspicious transactions can be built.<bold>Novelty:</bold> The paper addresses some of the previously identified issues in a two-dimensional intensity assessment. Moreover, the proposed methodology based on quantile regression and the Khmaladze test provides the foundation for the customs gap measure in export data.</abstract>

Research background: The study exemplifies the issues presented in the international trade data, which can affect the efficiency of customs controls in clearance systems.Purpose: The purpose of the research is to find a method of identifying suspicious transactions in datasets, where the risk factor is related to the overvaluation of goods covered under export procedure and data that are affected by areas of extra high density.Research methodology: The proposed methodology is two-step. Firstly, to eliminate areas of extra high density, with the use of a sampling scheme set reciprocally to the intensity point pattern, defined by means of a two-dimensional kernel estimator. Next, based on sampled data, a quantile regression model is built. Moreover, the inference about the type of model is provided by using the Khmaladze test.Results: The example highlights the benefits of the use of the two-step approach in model building. The proposed methodology provides the foundation for the inference by means of the Khmaladze test. The reliable threshold for selecting the suspicious transactions can be built.Novelty: The paper addresses some of the previously identified issues in a two-dimensional intensity assessment. Moreover, the proposed methodology based on quantile regression and the Khmaladze test provides the foundation for the customs gap measure in export data.

Identification of Outliers in High Density Areas with the Use of a Quantile Regression Model

Faculty of Management, Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Econometrics

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Research background: The study exemplifies the issues presented in the international trade data, which can affect the efficiency of customs controls in...

Identification of Outliers in High Density Areas with the Use of a Quantile Regression Model

Published Online: Jan 29, 2021

Page range: 375 - 391

Received: Nov 03, 2019

Accepted: Oct 12, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0054

Keywords
kernel density, the Khmaladze test, quantile regression, customs gap, clearance, export, trade in goods

© 2020 Tomasz Szkutnik, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Identification of Outliers in High Density Areas with the Use of a Quantile Regression Model

Published Online: Jan 29, 2021

Page range: 375 - 391

Received: Nov 03, 2019

Accepted: Oct 12, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0054

Keywordskernel density, the Khmaladze test, quantile regression, customs gap, clearance, export, trade in goods

© 2020 Tomasz Szkutnik, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
kernel density, the Khmaladze test, quantile regression, customs gap, clearance, export, trade in goods