Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Females with Breast Cancer in Iraq with Respect to Age: A Single-Center Study

[1] American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2023. Atlanta, Ga; Available from: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/2023-cancer-facts-figures.html. American Cancer Society Cancer Facts and Figures 2023 Atlanta, Ga Available from: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/2023-cancer-facts-figures.html. Search in Google Scholar

[2] World Health Organization. Breast cancer. 2023; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer. World Health Organization Breast cancer 2023 Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer. Search in Google Scholar

[3] Al-Asadi, J.N. and S.M. Al-Mayah, Three-year Survival of Women with Breast Cancer in Basrah, Iraq. Oman Med J, 2020. 35(4): p. e147. Al-AsadiJ.N. Al-MayahS.M. Three-year Survival of Women with Breast Cancer in Basrah, Iraq Oman Med J 2020 35 4 e147 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Annual Statistical Report 2016. Planning Directorate, Ministry of Health/Environment, Republic of Iraq, 2017. Available from: https://moh.gov.iq/upload/upfile/ar/513.pdf. Annual Statistical Report 2016 Planning Directorate, Ministry of Health/Environment, Republic of Iraq 2017 Available from: https://moh.gov.iq/upload/upfile/ar/513.pdf. Search in Google Scholar

[5] Annual Report. Iraqi Cancer Registry 2016, Iraqi Cancer Board, Ministry of Health and Environment, Republic of Iraq. 2018. Annual Report Iraqi Cancer Registry 2016, Iraqi Cancer Board, Ministry of Health and Environment, Republic of Iraq 2018 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Al-Hashimi, M.M.Y., Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence in Iraq During the Period 2000–2019. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2021. 22(12): p. 3889–3896. Al-HashimiM.M.Y. Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence in Iraq During the Period 2000–2019 Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021 22 12 3889 3896 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Mai Tran, T.X., et al., Family history of breast cancer, mammographic breast density and breast cancer risk: Findings from a cohort study of Korean women. Breast, 2022. 65: p. 180–186. Mai TranT.X. Family history of breast cancer, mammographic breast density and breast cancer risk: Findings from a cohort study of Korean women Breast 2022 65 180 186 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Brinton LA, G.M., Gierach GL.,, Breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 4th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press,, 2018: p. pp. 861–888. BrintonLA G.M. GierachGL. Breast cancer Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 4th ed. New York, NY Oxford University Press 2018 861 888 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Momenimovahed, Z. and H. Salehiniya, Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press), 2019. 11: p. 151–164. MomenimovahedZ. SalehiniyaH. Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press) 2019 11 151 164 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Yedjou, C.G., et al., Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2019. 1152: p. 31–49. YedjouC.G. Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer Adv Exp Med Biol 2019 1152 31 49 Search in Google Scholar

[11] McCart Reed, A.E., et al., Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: the increasing importance of this special subtype. Breast Cancer Research, 2021. 23(1): p. 6. McCart ReedA.E. Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: the increasing importance of this special subtype Breast Cancer Research 2021 23 1 6 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Natale, G., et al., The Lymphatic System in Breast Cancer: Anatomical and Molecular Approaches. Medicina (Kaunas), 2021. 57(11). NataleG. The Lymphatic System in Breast Cancer: Anatomical and Molecular Approaches Medicina (Kaunas) 2021 57 11 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Li, Z., et al., The Role of Progesterone Receptors in Breast Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2022. 16: p. 305–314. LiZ. The Role of Progesterone Receptors in Breast Cancer Drug Des Devel Ther 2022 16 305 314 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Merloni, F., et al., Oligometastatic breast cancer and metastasis-directed treatment: an aggressive multimodal approach to reach the cure. Ther Adv Med Oncol, 2023. 15: p. 17588359231161412. MerloniF. Oligometastatic breast cancer and metastasis-directed treatment: an aggressive multimodal approach to reach the cure Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023 15 17588359231161412 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Alwan, N., & Shawkat, M. M.,, Treatment Options and Follow-Up among Iraqi Patients with Breast Carcinoma. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, (2020). AlwanN. ShawkatM. M. Treatment Options and Follow-Up among Iraqi Patients with Breast Carcinoma European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2020 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Hashim, H.T., et al., Assessment of breast cancer risk among Iraqi women in 2019. BMC Womens Health, 2021. 21(1): p. 412. HashimH.T. Assessment of breast cancer risk among Iraqi women in 2019 BMC Womens Health 2021 21 1 412 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Unger-Saldana, K., Challenges to the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in developing countries. World J Clin Oncol, 2014. 5(3): p. 465–77. Unger-SaldanaK. Challenges to the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in developing countries World J Clin Oncol 2014 5 3 465 77 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Eckhert, E., et al., Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes of Patients From Sex and Gender Minority Groups. JAMA Oncol, 2023. 9(4): p. 473–480. EckhertE. Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes of Patients From Sex and Gender Minority Groups JAMA Oncol 2023 9 4 473 480 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Mutar, M.T., et al., Pattern of Presentation of Patients With Breast Cancer in Iraq in 2018: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Glob Oncol, 2019. 5: p. 1–6. MutarM.T. Pattern of Presentation of Patients With Breast Cancer in Iraq in 2018: A Cross-Sectional Study J Glob Oncol 2019 5 1 6 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Alwan, N.A., Breast cancer: demographic characteristics and clinico-pathological presentation of patients in Iraq. East Mediterr Health J, 2010. 16(11): p. 1159–64. AlwanN.A. Breast cancer: demographic characteristics and clinico-pathological presentation of patients in Iraq East Mediterr Health J 2010 16 11 1159 64 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Mousa, R.H., J.M. Melhem, and E.A. Hammad, Epidemiology of women diagnosed with breast cancer in Jordan: A 5-year survival analysis and patients’ characteristics from 2 public hospitals. Saudi Med J, 2021. 42(7): p. 776–783. MousaR.H. MelhemJ.M. HammadE.A. Epidemiology of women diagnosed with breast cancer in Jordan: A 5-year survival analysis and patients’ characteristics from 2 public hospitals Saudi Med J 2021 42 7 776 783 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Razik, M.A., et al., Clinical and histopathological features of breast tumors in women: a cross-sectional study at three hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pan Afr Med J, 2021. 39: p. 267. RazikM.A. Clinical and histopathological features of breast tumors in women: a cross-sectional study at three hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Pan Afr Med J 2021 39 267 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Ozsoy, A., et al., The Relationship Between Breast Cancer and Risk Factors: A Single-Center Study. Eur J Breast Health, 2017. 13(3): p. 145–149. OzsoyA. The Relationship Between Breast Cancer and Risk Factors: A Single-Center Study Eur J Breast Health 2017 13 3 145 149 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Fares, M.Y., et al., Breast Cancer Epidemiology among Lebanese Women: An 11-Year Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas), 2019. 55(8). FaresM.Y. Breast Cancer Epidemiology among Lebanese Women: An 11-Year Analysis Medicina (Kaunas) 2019 55 8 Search in Google Scholar

[25] American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures 2018. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancerfacts-and-figures/2018/cancer-facts-and-figures-2018.pdf. American Cancer Society Cancer Facts & Figures 2018 Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancerfacts-and-figures/2018/cancer-facts-and-figures-2018.pdf. Search in Google Scholar

[26] Alwan, N.A.S., F.N. Tawfeeq, and N.A.G. Mallah, Demographic and clinical profiles of female patients diagnosed with breast cancer in Iraq. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 2019. 5(1): p. 14–19. AlwanN.A.S. TawfeeqF.N. MallahN.A.G. Demographic and clinical profiles of female patients diagnosed with breast cancer in Iraq Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences 2019 5 1 14 19 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Kato, I., S. Tominaga, and C. Terao, An epidemiological study on marital status and cancer incidence. Jpn J Cancer Res, 1989. 80(4): p. 306–11. KatoI. TominagaS. TeraoC. An epidemiological study on marital status and cancer incidence Jpn J Cancer Res 1989 80 4 306 11 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Yuan, R., et al., The impact of marital status on stage at diagnosis and survival of female patients with breast and gynecologic cancers: A meta-analysis. Gynecologic Oncology, 2021. 162(3): p. 778–787. YuanR. The impact of marital status on stage at diagnosis and survival of female patients with breast and gynecologic cancers: A meta-analysis Gynecologic Oncology 2021 162 3 778 787 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet, 2002. 360(9328): p. 187–95. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease Lancet 2002 360 9328 187 95 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Chang-Claude, J., et al., Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by age 50 among women in Germany. Cancer Causes Control, 2000. 11(8): p. 687–95. Chang-ClaudeJ. Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by age 50 among women in Germany Cancer Causes Control 2000 11 8 687 95 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Stordal, B., Breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer: A call for action in high-income countries with low rates of breastfeeding. Cancer Med, 2023. 12(4): p. 4616–4625. StordalB. Breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer: A call for action in high-income countries with low rates of breastfeeding Cancer Med 2023 12 4 4616 4625 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Qiu, R., et al., Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Comput Math Methods Med, 2022. 2022: p. 8500910. QiuR. Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comput Math Methods Med 2022 2022 8500910 Search in Google Scholar

[33] Wallner, L.P., et al., The Influence of Medical Comorbidities on Survival Disparities in a Multiethnic Group of Patients with De Novo Metastatic Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2022. 31(10): p. 1935–1943. WallnerL.P. The Influence of Medical Comorbidities on Survival Disparities in a Multiethnic Group of Patients with De Novo Metastatic Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022 31 10 1935 1943 Search in Google Scholar

[34] Fu, M.R., et al., Comorbidities and Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Study. J Pers Med, 2015. 5(3): p. 229–42. FuM.R. Comorbidities and Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Study J Pers Med 2015 5 3 229 42 Search in Google Scholar

[35] Alhelfi HSQ, A.R., Pattern of presentation of breast cancer in Missan’s women. Int J Basic Appl Sci 2015. 4:162–167. AlhelfiHSQ A.R. Pattern of presentation of breast cancer in Missan’s women Int J Basic Appl Sci 2015 4 162 167 Search in Google Scholar

[36] Alwan, N.A.S., Breast Cancer Among Iraqi Women: Preliminary Findings From a Regional Comparative Breast Cancer Research Project. J Glob Oncol, 2016. 2(5): p. 255–258. AlwanN.A.S. Breast Cancer Among Iraqi Women: Preliminary Findings From a Regional Comparative Breast Cancer Research Project J Glob Oncol 2016 2 5 255 258 Search in Google Scholar

[37] Alwan NAS, T.F., Maallah MH, Sattar SA, Tumor characteristics of female breast cancer: Pathological review of mastectomy specimens belonging to Iraqi patients,. World J Breast Cancer Res, 2018. 1:1006. AlwanNAS T.F. MaallahMH SattarSA Tumor characteristics of female breast cancer: Pathological review of mastectomy specimens belonging to Iraqi patients World J Breast Cancer Res 2018 1 1006 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Kene TS, O.V., Yusufu LM, et al,, Pattern of presentation and survival of breast cancer in a teaching hospital in north Western Nigeria. Oman Med J, 2010. 25:104–107. KeneTSO.V. YusufuLM Pattern of presentation and survival of breast cancer in a teaching hospital in north Western Nigeria Oman Med J 2010 25 104 107 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Maffuz-Aziz, A., et al., [Clinical and pathological features of breast cancer in a population of Mexico]. Cir Cir, 2017. 85(3): p. 201–207. Maffuz-AzizA. [Clinical and pathological features of breast cancer in a population of Mexico] Cir Cir 2017 85 3 201 207 Search in Google Scholar

[40] Olaogun, J.G., et al., Socio-demographic, pattern of presentation and management outcome of breast cancer in a semi-urban tertiary health institution. Pan Afr Med J, 2020. 36: p. 363. OlaogunJ.G. Socio-demographic, pattern of presentation and management outcome of breast cancer in a semi-urban tertiary health institution Pan Afr Med J 2020 36 363 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Shreyamsa, M., et al., Barriers to Timely Diagnosis and Management of Breast Cancer: Observations from a Tertiary Referral Center in Resource Poor Setting. Indian J Surg Oncol, 2020. 11(2): p. 287–293. ShreyamsaM. Barriers to Timely Diagnosis and Management of Breast Cancer: Observations from a Tertiary Referral Center in Resource Poor Setting Indian J Surg Oncol 2020 11 2 287 293 Search in Google Scholar

[42] Brand, N.R., et al., Delays and Barriers to Cancer Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Oncologist, 2019. 24(12): p. e1371–e1380. BrandN.R. Delays and Barriers to Cancer Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review Oncologist 2019 24 12 e1371 e1380 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Muddather, H.F., M.M.A. Elhassan, and A. Faggad, Survival Outcomes of Breast Cancer in Sudanese Women: A Hospital-Based Study. JCO Glob Oncol, 2021. 7: p. 324–332. MuddatherH.F. ElhassanM.M.A. FaggadA. Survival Outcomes of Breast Cancer in Sudanese Women: A Hospital-Based Study JCO Glob Oncol 2021 7 324 332 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Azim, H.A., et al., Clinicopathologic Features of Breast Cancer in Egypt-Contemporary Profile and Future Needs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JCO Glob Oncol, 2023. 9: p. e2200387. AzimH.A. Clinicopathologic Features of Breast Cancer in Egypt-Contemporary Profile and Future Needs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis JCO Glob Oncol 2023 9 e2200387 Search in Google Scholar

[45] Soran, A., et al., Lymph Node Ratio (LNR): Predicting Prognosis after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC) in Breast Cancer Patients. Eur J Breast Health, 2019. 15(4): p. 249–255. SoranA. Lymph Node Ratio (LNR): Predicting Prognosis after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC) in Breast Cancer Patients Eur J Breast Health 2019 15 4 249 255 Search in Google Scholar

[46] Makki, J., Diversity of Breast Carcinoma: Histological Subtypes and Clinical Relevance. Clin Med Insights Pathol, 2015. 8: p. 23–31. MakkiJ. Diversity of Breast Carcinoma: Histological Subtypes and Clinical Relevance Clin Med Insights Pathol 2015 8 23 31 Search in Google Scholar

[47] Pippin, M.M. and R. Boyd, Breast Self-Examination, in StatPearls. 2023: Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Roxanne Boyd declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. PippinM.M. BoydR. Breast Self-Examination in StatPearls 2023 Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Roxanne Boyd declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Search in Google Scholar

[48] Pippin MM. Breast Self-Examination. [Updated 2023 Jan 23]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565846/. PippinMM Breast Self-Examination [Updated 2023 Jan 23]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565846/. Search in Google Scholar

[49] Dewi, T.K., et al., Breast self-examination as a route to early detection in a lower-middle-income country: assessing psychosocial determinants among women in Surabaya, Indonesia. BMC Womens Health, 2022. 22(1): p. 179. DewiT.K. Breast self-examination as a route to early detection in a lower-middle-income country: assessing psychosocial determinants among women in Surabaya, Indonesia BMC Womens Health 2022 22 1 179 Search in Google Scholar

[50] Ahmad, S., et al., Breast Self-Examination: Knowledge, Practice, and Beliefs Among Females in Jordan. SAGE Open Nurs, 2022. 8: p. 23779608221124517. AhmadS. Breast Self-Examination: Knowledge, Practice, and Beliefs Among Females in Jordan SAGE Open Nurs 2022 8 23779608221124517 Search in Google Scholar

[51] Sutter, S.A., et al., Surgical Management of Breast Cancer in Africa: A Continent-Wide Review of Intervention Practices, Barriers to Care, and Adjuvant Therapy. J Glob Oncol, 2017. 3(2): p. 162–168. SutterS.A. Surgical Management of Breast Cancer in Africa: A Continent-Wide Review of Intervention Practices, Barriers to Care, and Adjuvant Therapy J Glob Oncol 2017 3 2 162 168 Search in Google Scholar

[52] Frank, S., et al., Impact of age at diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer on overall survival in the real-life ESME metastatic breast cancer cohort. Breast, 2020. 52: p. 50–57. FrankS. Impact of age at diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer on overall survival in the real-life ESME metastatic breast cancer cohort Breast 2020 52 50 57 Search in Google Scholar

[53] Chen, M.T., et al., Comparison of patterns and prognosis among distant metastatic breast cancer patients by age groups: a SEER population-based analysis. Sci Rep, 2017. 7(1): p. 9254. ChenM.T. Comparison of patterns and prognosis among distant metastatic breast cancer patients by age groups: a SEER population-based analysis Sci Rep 2017 7 1 9254 Search in Google Scholar

[54] Tjokrowidjaja, A., et al., Metastatic breast cancer in young women: a population-based cohort study to describe risk and prognosis. Intern Med J, 2014. 44(8): p. 764–70. TjokrowidjajaA. Metastatic breast cancer in young women: a population-based cohort study to describe risk and prognosis Intern Med J 2014 44 8 764 70 Search in Google Scholar

[55] Zhang, W., et al., Metastasis patterns and prognosis in young breast cancer patients: A SEER database analysis. Front Oncol, 2022. 12: p. 872862. ZhangW. Metastasis patterns and prognosis in young breast cancer patients: A SEER database analysis Front Oncol 2022 12 872862 Search in Google Scholar

[56] Tan, K.F., et al., A comparison of breast cancer survival across different age groups: a multicentric database study in Penang, Malaysia. Epidemiol Health, 2021. 43: p. e2021038. TanK.F. A comparison of breast cancer survival across different age groups: a multicentric database study in Penang, Malaysia Epidemiol Health 2021 43 e2021038 Search in Google Scholar