Closeness is Not Accessibility: Isolation and Depopulated Rural Areas in the Proximity of Metropolitan Urban Areas, A Case-Study in Inland Spain

[1] Adom-Asamoah, G., Amoako, C. & Adarkwa, K. K. (2020). Gender disparities in rural accessibility and mobility in Ghana. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(1), 49–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2019.12.006.10.1016/j.cstp.2019.12.006 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Ahern, A. & Hine, J. (2015). Accessibility of Health Services for Aged People in Rural Ireland. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 9(5), 389–395. DOI: 10.1080/15568318.2013.800926.10.1080/15568318.2013.800926 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Ballas, D., Kalogeresis, T. & Labrianidis, L. (2003). A comparative study of typologies for rural areas in Europe. In 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe (pp. 1–38). Louvain-la-Neuve: European Regional Science Association. Search in Google Scholar

[4] Barnett, S., Roderick, P., Martin, D. & Diamond, I. (2001). A multilevel analysis of the effects of rurality and social deprivation on premature limiting long term illness. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55(1), 44–51. DOI: 10.1136/jech.55.1.44.10.1136/jech.55.1.44173176411112950 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Bhat, C., Handy, S., Kockelman, K., Mahmassani, H., Chen, Q. & Weston, L. (2000). Development of an Urban Accessibility Index: Literature [Technical report]. Austin: University of Texas. Search in Google Scholar

[6] Bock, B. (2016). Rural Marginalisation and the Role of Social Innovation; A Turn Towards Nexogenous Development and Rural Reconnection. Sociologia Ruralis 56(4), 552–573. DOI: 10.1111/soru.12119.10.1111/soru.12119 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Brezzi, M., Dijkstra, L. & Ruiz, V. (2011). OECD extended regional typology: the economic performance of remote rural regions [OECD Regional Development Working Papers]. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: 10.1787/5kg6z83tw7f4-en.10.1787/5kg6z83tw7f4-en Search in Google Scholar

[8] Caschili, S., De Montis, A. & Trogu, D. (2015). Accessibility and rurality indicators for regional development. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 49, 98–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2014.05.005.10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2014.05.005 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Christiaanse, S. (2020). Rural facility decline: A longitudinal accessibility analysis questioning the focus of Dutch depopulation-policy. Applied Geography, 121, 102251. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102251.10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102251 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Cloke, P. (2006). Conceptualizing rurality. In Cloke, P., Mardsen, T. & Mooney, P., eds., Handbook of rural studies (Vol. 18). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.10.4135/9781848608016.n2 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Collantes, F., Pinilla, V., Sáez, L. A. & Silvestre, J. (2013). Reducing Depopulation in Rural Spain: The Impact of Immigration. Population, Space and Place, 20(7), 606–621. DOI: 10.1002/psp.1797.10.1002/psp.1797 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Curtis, C. & Scheurer, J. (2010). Planning for sustainable accessibility: Developing tools to aid discussion and decision-making. Progress in Planning, 74(2), 53–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2010.05.001.10.1016/j.progress.2010.05.001 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Delgado, C. (2019). Depopulation processes in European rural areas: a case study of Cantabria (Spain). European Countryside, 11(3), 341–369. DOI: 10.2478/euco-2019-0021.10.2478/euco-2019-0021 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Díaz, M. A., Jiménez, F. J. & Lorente, I. (2002). Estructura territorial y relaciones funcionales en el Corredor del Henares: una aproximación desde la movilidad diaria de la población. Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense (22), 301–327. Search in Google Scholar

[15] Del Río, I. & Rodríguez, J. (2009). Áreas metropolitanas en transformación. Presente y futuro del Corredor del Henares en el área funcional madrileña. Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense (29), 139–165. Search in Google Scholar

[16] Dunaway, W. A. (1996). The incorporation of mountain ecosystems into the capitalist world-system. Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 19(4), 355–381. Search in Google Scholar

[17] Farrington, J. & Farrington, C. (2005). Rural accessibility, social inclusion and social justice: towards conceptualisation. Journal of Transport Geography, 13(1), 1–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.10.002.10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.10.002 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Gáková, Z. & Dijkstra, L. (2010). Does population decline lead to economic decline in EU rural regions? Regional Focus 1/2010. Search in Google Scholar

[19] Geurs, K. T. & van Wee, B. (2004). Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: Review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography, 12(2), 127–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005.10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Gutiérrez Puebla, J. (1991). Indicadores de accesibilidad en transporte público en el medio rural: una propuesta metodológica. Estudios Geográficos, 52(203), 205.10.3989/egeogr.1991.i203.205 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Hansen, W. G. (1959). How Accessibility Shapes Land Use. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25(2), 73–76. DOI: 10.1080/01944365908978307.10.1080/01944365908978307 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Heffner, K. & Latocha, A. (2020). Desolated Villages as Examples of Spatial, Economic and Social Marginalization in the Polish-Czech Borderland and Their Current Transformations. In: Nel E. & Pelc S., eds., Responses to Geographical Marginality and Marginalization. Perspectives on Geographical Marginality, vol 5 (pp. 123–142). Cham: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51342-9_8.10.1007/978-3-030-51342-9_8 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Holl, A. (2007). Twenty years of accessibility improvements. The case of the Spanish motorway building programme. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(4), 286–297. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.09.003.10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.09.003 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Isserman, A. M. (2005). In the national interest: Defining rural and urban correctly in research and public policy. International Regional Science Review, 28(4), 465–499. DOI: 10.1177/0160017605279000.10.1177/0160017605279000 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Kanuganti, S., Sarkar, A. K., Singh, A. P. & Arkatkar, S. S. (2015). Quantification of accessibility to health facilities in rural areas. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 3(3), 311–320. DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2014.08.004.10.1016/j.cstp.2014.08.004 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Kühn, M. (2015). Peripheralization: Theoretical Concepts Explaining Socio-Spatial Inequalities. European Planning Studies, 23(2), 367–378. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2013.862518.10.1080/09654313.2013.862518 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Labianca, M. & Navarro, F. (2019). Depopulation and aging in rural areas in the European Union: practices starting from the LEADER approach. Perspectives on rural development, 3, 223–252. DOI: 10.1285/i26113375n3p223. Search in Google Scholar

[28] Lenormand, M., Bassolas, A. & Ramasco, J. J. (2016). Systematic comparison of trip distribution laws and models. Journal of Transport Geography, 51, 158–169. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.12.008.10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.12.008 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Levine, J. (2020). A century of evolution of the accessibility concept. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 83, 102309. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102309.10.1016/j.trd.2020.102309 Search in Google Scholar

[30] López-i-Gelats, F., Tàbara, J. D. & Bartolomé, J. (2009). The rural in dispute: Discourses of rurality in the Pyrenees. Geoforum, 40(4), 602–612. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.04.008.10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.04.008 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Martínez, H., Mohíno, I., Ureña, J. & Solís, E. (2014). Road accessibility and articulation of metropolitan spatial structures: the case of Madrid (Spain). Journal of Transport Geography, 37, 61–73. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.04.003.10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.04.003 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Martínez Sánchez-Mateos, H. (2018). Defining rural: a functional and accessibility approach applied in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Redes, 23(3), 248–266. DOI: 10.17058/redes.v23i3.12245.10.17058/redes.v23i3.12245 Search in Google Scholar

[33] Mohíno, I., Ureña, JM. & Martínez, HS. (2014). Relaciones funcionales de profesionales altamente cualificados en áreas distantes de regiones urbanas multicéntricas: el caso de los Ingenieros de Caminos en el contexto madrileño, Scripta Nova, 18(488). Search in Google Scholar

[34] Molinero, F. (2019). El espacio rural de España: evolución, delimitación y clasificación. Cuadernos Geográficos 58(3), 19–56. DOI: 10.30827/cuadgeo.v58i3.8643.10.30827/cuadgeo.v58i3.8643 Search in Google Scholar

[35] Morrissey, K., Clarke, G., Ballas, D., Hynes, S. & O’Donoghue, C. (2008). Examining access to GP services in rural Ireland using microsimulation analysis. Area, 40(3), 354–364. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00844.x.10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00844.x Search in Google Scholar

[36] Moseley, M. J. (1979). Accessibility: the rural challenge. London: Metheuen. Search in Google Scholar

[37] Mu, L., Chen, Y. & Zhen, C. (2020). SNAP office accessibility and its association with rurality. Applied Geography, 120. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102209.10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102209 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Murawski, L. & Church, R. L. (2009). Improving accessibility to rural health services: The maximal covering network improvement problem. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 43(2), 102–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2008.02.012.10.1016/j.seps.2008.02.012 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Neumeier, S. (2016). Accessibility to Services in Rural Areas: The Example of Petrol Service Provision in Germany. DISP, 52(3), 32–49. DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2016.1235877.10.1080/02513625.2016.1235877 Search in Google Scholar

[40] Peacock, A. & Pemberton, S. (2019). The paradox of mobility for older people in the rural-urban fringe. Journal of Rural Studies, 70, 9–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.08.002.10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.08.002 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Pinilla, V., Ayuda, M. A. & Sáez, L. A (2008). Rural depopulation and the migration turnaround in mediterranean Western Europe: A case study of Aragon. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 3,1–22. Search in Google Scholar

[42] Ranković Plazinić, B. & Jović, J. (2018). Mobility and transport potential of elderly in differently accessible rural areas. Journal of Transport Geography, 68, 169–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.03.016.10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.03.016 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Reggiani, A., Bucci, P., Russo, G., Haas, A. & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Regional labour markets and job accessibility in City Network systems in Germany. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 528–536. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.05.008.10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.05.008 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Reynaud, C. & Miccoli, S. (2018). Depopulation and the Aging Population: The Relationship in Italian Municipalities. Sustainability, 10, 1004. DOI: 10.3390/su10041004.10.3390/su10041004 Search in Google Scholar

[45] Rogerson, P. (2006). Statistical methods for Geography. London: SAGE. Search in Google Scholar

[46] Ruiz, A. R. & Cañizares, M. C. (2020). Enhancing the Territorial Heritage of Declining Rural Areas in Spain: Towards Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches. Land, 9, 216. DOI: 10.3390/land9070216.10.3390/land9070216 Search in Google Scholar

[47] Salze, P., Banos, A., Oppert, JM., Charreire, H., Casey, R., Simon, Ch., Chaix, B., Badariotti, D. & Weber, Ch. (2011). Estimating spatial accessibility to facilities on the regional scale: an extended commuting-based interaction potential model. International Journal of Health Geographics, 10(2). DOI: 10.1186/1476-072X-10-2.10.1186/1476-072X-10-2 Search in Google Scholar

[48] Schatz, L. (2017). Going for growth and managing decline: the complex mix of planning strategies in Broken Hill, NSW, Australia. Town Planning Review 88(1), 43–57. DOI: 10.3828/tpr.2017.5.10.3828/tpr.2017.5 Search in Google Scholar

[49] Shah, T. I., Milosavljevic, S. & Bath, B. (2017). Measuring geographical accessibility to rural and remote health care services: Challenges and considerations. Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, 21, 87–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2017.04.002.10.1016/j.sste.2017.04.002 Search in Google Scholar

[50] Syssner, J. & Siebert, C. (2020). Local governments and the communication of demographic decline in Sweden and Germany: who, what and why? AGER 29, 79–105. DOI: 10.4422/ager.2020.01. Search in Google Scholar

[51] Smith, N., Hirsch, D. & Davis, A. (2012). Accessibility and capability: The minimum transport needs and costs of rural households. Journal of Transport Geography, 21, 93–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.004.10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.004 Search in Google Scholar

[52] Spiekermann, K. & Wegener, M. (2003). Trans-European networks and unequal accessibility in Europe. In 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: Peripheries, Centres, and Spatial Development in the New Europe, Vol. 4 (pp. 35–42). Louvain-la-Neuve: European Regional Science Association. Search in Google Scholar

[53] Terluin, I. J. (2003). Differences in economic development in rural regions of advanced countries: an overview and critical analysis of theories. Journal of Rural Studies, 19(3), 327–344. DOI: 10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00071-2.10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00071-2 Search in Google Scholar

[54] van Eupen, M., Metzger, M. J., Pérez-Soba, M., Verburg, P. H., van Doorn, A. & Bunce, R. G. H. (2012). A rural typology for strategic European policies. Land Use Policy, 29(3), 473–482. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.07.007.10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.07.007 Search in Google Scholar

[55] Vickerman, R. (1995). Location, accessibility and regional development: the appraisal of trans-European networks. Transport Policy, 2(4), 225–234. DOI: 10.1016/S0967-070X(95)00013-G.10.1016/S0967-070X(95)00013-G Search in Google Scholar

[56] Vickerman, R., Spiekermann, K. & Wegener, M. (1999). Accessibility and Economic Development in Europe. Regional Studies, 33(1), 1–15. DOI: 10.1080/00343409950118878.10.1080/00343409950118878 Search in Google Scholar

[57] Vitale Brovarone, E. & Cotella, G. (2020). Improving rural accessibility: A multilayer approach. Sustainability, 12(7). DOI: 10.3390/su12072876.10.3390/su12072876 Search in Google Scholar

[58] Wiggins, S. & Proctor, S. (2001). How Special are Rural Areas? the Economic Implications of Location for Rural Development. Development Policy Review, 19(4), 427–436. DOI: 10.1111/1467-7679.00142.10.1111/1467-7679.00142 Search in Google Scholar

[59] Woods, M. (2016). International migration, agency and regional development in rural Europe. Documents D’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 62(3), 569–593. DOI: 10.5565/rev/dag.372.10.5565/rev/dag.372 Search in Google Scholar

[60] Yeager, C. D. & Gatrell, J. D. (2014). Rural food accessibility: An analysis of travel impedance and the risk of potential grocery closures. Applied Geography, 53, 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.018.10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.018 Search in Google Scholar

[61] European Union (2011). Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020. Towards an Inclusive, Smart and Sustainable Europe of Diverse Regions. Gödölló, (Hungary). Search in Google Scholar

[62] European Union (2013). How can regional and cohesion policies tackle demographic challenges? Directorate General for internal policies. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/68dcf076-c1b4-4bfa-8515-f04e65a5ecf2. Search in Google Scholar

[63] European Union (2016). Sparsely populated and underpopulated areas. EPRS. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/586632/EPRS_BRI(2016)586632_EN.pdf. Search in Google Scholar

[64] European Union (2019). Demographic trends in EU regions. European Parliamentary Research Service. https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/eprs-briefing-633160-demographic-trends-eu-regions-final.pdf. Search in Google Scholar

[65] ESPON (2011). European development opportunities for rural areas (EDORA). Applied Research 2013/1/2. Final Report, Luxembourg: ESPON. Search in Google Scholar

[66] Nordregio (2012). Making the best of Europe´s sparcely populated areas. On making geographic specificity a driver for territorial development in Europe. Nordregio Working Paper, 15, 1–84. Search in Google Scholar

[67] OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (1994). Creating rural indicators for shaping territorial policy. París: OECD. Search in Google Scholar