Drivers of Land Abandonment in the Irish Uplands: A Case Study

[1] Acs, S., Hanley, N., Dallimer, M., Gaston, K. J., Robertson, P., Wilson, P. & Armsworth, P. R. (2010). The effect of decoupling on marginal agricultural systems: Implications for farm income, land use and upland ecology. Land Use Policy, 27(2), 550–560. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.009.10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.009Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[2] Adams, W. M. (2003). Future Nature: A vision for conservation 3^rd ed. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Anderson, R. (2013). Biodiversity Change in the Irish Uplands – the effects of grazing management [unpublished PhD Thesis]. Cork: National University of Ireland.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Antrop, M. (2005). Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landscape and Urban Planning, 70(1–2), 21–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.002.10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.002Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[5] Backshall, J., Manley, J. & Rebane, M., eds. (2001). The Upland Management Handbook. Peterborough: English Nature.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Baldock, D., Beaufoy, G., Brouwer, F. & Godeschalk, F. (1996). Farming at the Margins: Abandonment or Redeployment of Agricultural Land in Europe. London/The Hague: Institute for European Environmental Policy Agricultural Economics Research Institute.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Bignal, E. M. & McCracken, D. I. (1996). Low-intensity farming systems in the conservation of the countryside. Journal of Applied Ecology 33(3), 413–424.10.2307/2404973Search in Google Scholar

[8] Bignal, E. M. & McCracken, D. I. (2000). The Nature conservation Value of European Traditional Farming Systems. Environmental Reviews 8(3), 149–171. DOI: 10.1139/a00-009.10.1139/a00-009Search in Google Scholar

[9] Bonn, A., Allott, T., Hubacek, K. & Steward, J., eds. (2009). Drivers of Environmental Change in Uplands. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203886724Search in Google Scholar

[10] Buijs, A. E., Pedroli, B. & Luginbuhl, Y. (2006). From hiking through farmland to farming in a leisure landscape: changing social perceptions of the European landscape. Landscape Ecology, 21(3), 375–389. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-005-5223-2.10.1007/s10980-005-5223-2Search in Google Scholar

[11] Burton, R. J. F., Schwarz, G., Brown, K. M., Convery, I. & Mansfield, L. (2009). The future of public goods provision in upland regions: Learning from hefted commons in the Lake District, UK. In Bonn, A., Allott, T., Hubacek, K. & Steward, J., eds., Drivers of Environmental Change in Uplands (pp. 309–322). London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Burton, R. J. F., Paragahawewa, U. H. (2011). Creating culturally sustainable agri-environmental schemes. Journal of Rural Studies 27(1), 95–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2010.11.001.10.1016/j.jrurstud.2010.11.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[13] Burton, R. J. F. & Schwarz, G. (2013). Result-oriented agri-environmental schemes in Europe and their potential for promoting behavioural change. Land Use Policy, 30/1), 628–641. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.05.002.10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.05.002Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[14] Cocca, G., Sturaro, E., Gallo, L. & Ramazin, M. (2012). Is the abandonment of traditional livestock farming systems the main driver of mountain landscape change in the Alpine area? Land Use Policy, 29(4), 878–886. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.01.005.10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.01.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[15] Conti, G. & Fagarazzi, L. (2004). Sustainable mountain development and the key-issue of abandonment of marginal rural areas. PLANUM: The European on line – journal of planning Nr. 9 (www.planum.net).Search in Google Scholar

[16] Crowley, C., O’Keeffe, B. & O’Sullivan, S. (2016). Irish Uplands Socio-Economic Profile: A Report into Ireland’s inhabited and farmed upland areas [report commissioned by the Irish Uplands Forum] (www.irishuplandsforum.org).Search in Google Scholar

[17] Daugstad, K., Ronningen, K. & Skar, B. (2006). Agriculture as an upholder of cultural heritage? Conceptualizations and value judgements – a Norwegian perspective in international context. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(1), 67–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.06.002.10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.06.002Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[18] Dillon, E., Moran, B. & Donnellan, T. (2016). Teagasc National Farm Survey Results 2016. Rural Economy Development Programme. Galway: Teagasc, Athenry, Co.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Evans, D. M., Redpath, S. M., Elston, D. A., Evans, S. A., Mitchel, R. J. & Dennis, P. (2006). To graze or not to graze? Sheep, voles, forestry and nature conservation in the British uplands. Journal of Applied Ecology 43(3), 499–505. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01158.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01158.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

[20] Fischer, J., Hartel, T. & Kuemmerle, T. (2012). Conservation policy in traditional farming landscapes. Conservation Letters, 5(3), 167–175. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00227.x.10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00227.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

[21] Flemsæter, F. & Setten, G. (2006). Holding property in trust: Kinship, law and property enactment on Norwegian smallholdings. Environment and Planning A, 41(9), 2267–2284. DOI: 10.1068/a41135.10.1068/a41135Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[22] Grime, J. P. (1979). Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Chichester: Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Halada, L., Evans, D., Romăo, C. & Petersen, J-E. (2011). Which habitats of European importance depend on agricultural practices? Biodiversity and Conservation 20(11), 2365–2378. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-011-9989-z.10.1007/s10531-011-9989-zOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

[24] Hanley, N., Davies, A., Angelopoulos, K., Hamilton, A., Ross, A., Tinch, D. & Watson, F. (2008). Economic Determinants of Biodiversity Change over a 400-year period in the Scottish Uplands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(6), 1557–1565. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01570.x.10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01570.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

[25] Hanley, N., Colombo, S., Mason, P. & Johns, H. (2007). The reform of support mechanisms for upland farming: paying for public goods in the Severely Disadvantaged Areas of England. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 58(3), 433–453. DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-9552.2007.00114.x.10.1111/j.1477-9552.2007.00114.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

[26] Hanrahan, K., Hennessy, T., Kinsella, A. & Moran, B. (2014). Teagasc National Farm Survey Results 2013. Rural Economy Development Programme. Galway: Teagasc, Athenry, Co.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Hampicke, U. (2006). Efficient conservation in Europe’s agricultural countryside – rational, methods and policy reorientation. Outlook on Agriculture 35(2), 97–205. DOI: 10.5367/000000006777641598.10.5367/000000006777641598Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[28] Herzon, I., Birge, T., Allen, B., Povellato, A., Vanni, F., Hart, K., Radley, G., Tucker, D., Keenleyside, C., Uppermann, R., Underwood, C., Roux, X., Beaufroy, G. & Pražan, J. (2018). Time to look for evidence: Results-based approaches to biodiversity conservation on farmland in Europe. Land Use Policy 71, 347–354. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.011.10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.011Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[29] Höchtl, F. Lehringer, S. & Konold, W. (2005). “Wilderness”: What it means when it becomes a reality – a case study from the southwestern Alps. Landscape and Urban Planning, 70(1–2), 85–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.006.10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.006Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[30] Jørgensen, D. (2015). Rethinking rewilding. Geoforum 65, 482–488. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.11.016.10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.11.016Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[31] Keenleyside, C. & Tucker, G. (2010). Farmland Abandonment in the EU: An assessment of trends and future prospects [research report]. London: Institute for European Environmental Policy.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Keenleyside, C., Radley, G., Tucker, G., Underwood, E., Hart, K., Allen, B. & Menadue, H. (2014). Results-based Payments for Biodiversity Guidance Handbook: Designing and implementing results-based agri-environment schemes 2014–20 [research report]. London: Institute for European Environmental Policy.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Kinsella, J., Wilson, S., de Jong, F., Renting, H. (2000). Pluriactivity as a Livelihood Strategy on Irish farm Households and its Role in Rural Development. Sociologia Ruralis 40(4), 481–496. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9523.00162.10.1111/1467-9523.00162Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[34] Kramm, N, Anderson, R., O’Rourke, E., Emmerson, E., O’Halloran, J. & Chisholm, N. (2010). Farming the Iveragh Uplands: A tale of humans and nature. University College Cork.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Kristensen, L. S., Thenail, C. & Kristensen, S. P. (2004). Landscape change in agrarian landscapes in the 1990: the interaction between farmers and the farmed landscape. A case study from Jutland, Denmark. Journal of Environmental Management, 71(3), 231–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.03.003.10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.03.00315158286Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[36] Lambin, E. F., Geist, H. J. & Lepers, E. (2003). Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 28, 205–241. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459.10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[37] López-i-Gelats, F., Milán, M. J. & Bartolomé, J. (2011). Is farming enough in mountain areas? Farm diversification in the Pyrenees. Land Use Policy, 28(4), 783–791. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.005.10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[38] Lowe, P. & Baldock, D. (2000). Integration of environmental objectives into agricultural policy making. In Brouwer, F. & Lowe, P., eds., CAP Regimes and the European Countryside (pp. 31–52). Wallingford: CABI Publications.10.1079/9780851993546.0031Search in Google Scholar

[39] MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J. R., Wiesinger, G., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., Gutierrez Lazpita, J. & Gibson, A. (2000). Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmental Management, 59(1), 47–69. DOI: 10.1006/jema.1999.0335.10.1006/jema.1999.0335Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[40] Mansfield, L. (2008). The Cumbrian Hill Sheep Initiative: A Solution to the Decline in Upland Hill Farming Community in England? In Robinson, G. M., ed., Sustainable Rural Systems, Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Communities (pp. 161–183). Farnham: Ashgate.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Mansfield, L. (2011). Upland Agriculture and the Environment. Bowness-on-Windemere: Badger Press.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Marini, L., Klimek, S. & Battisti, A. (2011). Mitigating the impacts of the decline of traditional farming on mountain landscapes and biodiversity: A case study in the European Alps. Environmental Science and Policy, 14(3), 258–267. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.12.003.10.1016/j.envsci.2010.12.003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[43] Mitchley, J., Price, M. F. & Tzanopoulos, J. (2006). Integrated Futures for Europe’s Mountain Regions: Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Human Livelihoods. Journal of Mountain Science, 3(4), 276–286. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-006-0276-5.10.1007/s11629-006-0276-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[44] Mottet, A., Ladet, S., Coqué, N. & Gibon, A. (2006). Agricultural land-use change and its drivers in mountain landscapes: A case study in the Pyrenees. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 114(2–4), 296–310. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.017.10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.017Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[45] Navarro, L. M. & Pereira, H. M. (2012). Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe. Ecosystems, 15(6), 900–912. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9558-7.10.1007/s10021-012-9558-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[46] O’Rourke, E., Charbonneau, M. & Poinsot, Y. (2016). High nature value mountain farming systems in Europe: Case Studies from the Atlantic Pyrenees, France and the Kerry Uplands, Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies, 46, 47–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.05.010.10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.05.010Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[47] O’Rourke, E. & Kramm, N. (2009). Changes in the Management of the Irish Uplands: a Case-Study from the Iveragh Peninsula. European Countryside, 1(1), 53–69. DOI: 10.2478/v10091-009-0005-5.10.2478/v10091-009-0005-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[48] O’Rourke, E., Kramm, N. & Chisholm, N. (2012). The influence of farming styles on the management of the Iveragh uplands, southwest Ireland. Land Use Policy, 29(4), 805–816. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.12.008.10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.12.008Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[49] Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511807763Search in Google Scholar

[50] Paniagua, A. (2013). Farmers in remote rural areas: The worth of permanence in the place. Land Use Policy 35, 1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.04.017.10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.04.017Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[51] Paracchini, M. L., Petersen, L-E., Hoogeveen, Y., Bamps, C., Burfield, I. & van Swaay, C. (2008). High Nature Value Framing in Europe. As estimate of the distribution patterns on the basis of land cover and biodiversity data. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Search in Google Scholar

[52] Pinto-Correia, T., Gustavsson, R. & Pirnat, J. (2006). Bridging the gap between centrally defined policies and local decisions – Towards more sensitive and creative rural landscape management. Landscape Ecology, 21(3), 333–346. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-005-4720-7.10.1007/s10980-005-4720-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[53] Pinto-Correia, T. & Sørensen, E. M. (1995). Marginalisation and marginal land: processes of change in the countryside. Skriftserie, 152.Search in Google Scholar

[54] Plieninger, T. & Bieling, C. (2013). Resilience-Based Perspectives to Guiding High-Nature-Value Farmland through Socioeconomic Change. Ecology and Society 18(4): 20. DOI: 10.5751/ES-05877-180420.10.5751/ES-05877-180420Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[55] Plieninger, T., Hochtl, F. & Spek, T. (2006). Traditional land-use and nature conservation in European rural landscapes. Environmental Science and Policy, 9(4), 317–321. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2006.03.001.10.1016/j.envsci.2006.03.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[56] Pointereau, P., Coulon, F., Girard, P., Lambotte, M., Stuczynski, T., Sanchez Ortega, V. & Del Rio, A. (2008). Analysis of Farmland Abandonment and the Extent and Location of Agricultural Areas that are Actually Abandoned or at Risk of Abandonment [research report]. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Search in Google Scholar

[57] Prishchepov, A. V., Muller, D., Dubinin, M., Baumann, M. & Radeloff, V. C. (2013). Determinants of agricultural land abandonment in post-Soviet European Russia. Land Use Policy, 30(1), 873–884. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.06.011.10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.06.011Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[58] Rackham, O. (2000). The History of the Countryside. London: Phoenix Press.Search in Google Scholar

[59] Rebanks, J. (2016). The Shepherd’s Life: A Tale of the Lake District. London: Penguin Books.Search in Google Scholar

[60] Renting, H., Oostindie, H., Laurent, C., Brunori, G., Barjolle, D., Jervell, A. M., Granberg, L. & Heinonen, M. (2008). Multifunctionality of agricultural activities, changing rural identities and new institutional arrangements. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 7(4), 361–385. DOI: 10.1504/IJARGE.2008.020083.10.1504/IJARGE.2008.020083Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[61] Renwick, A., Jansson, T., Verburg, P. H., Revoredo-Giha, C., Britz, W., Gocht, A. & McCracken, D. (2013). Policy reform and agricultural land abandonment in the EU. Land Use Policy 30(1), 446–457. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.04.005.10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.04.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[62] Rey Benayas, J. M., Martins, A., Nicolau, J. M. & Schulz, J. J. (2007). Abandonment of agricultural land: an overview of drivers and consequences. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2, 57. DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20072057.10.1079/PAVSNNR20072057Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[63] Selman, P. (2004). Barriers and bridges to sustainable cultural landscapes. In Jongman, R., ed., The New Dimensions of the European Landscape (pp. 93–102). Frontis: Wageningen.10.1007/978-1-4020-2911-0_7Search in Google Scholar

[64] Shucksmith, M. & Ronningen, K. (2011). The Uplands after neoliberalism? – The role of the small farm in rural sustainability. Journal of Rural Studies, 27(3), 275–287. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.03.003.10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.03.003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[65] Strijker, D. (2005). Marginal Lands in Europe – causes of decline. Basic and Applied Ecology 6(2), 99–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2005.01.001.10.1016/j.baae.2005.01.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[66] Terres, J-M., Scacchiafichi, L. N., Wania, A., Ambar, M., Anguiano, E., Buckwell, A., Coppola, A., Gocht, A., Nordstrom Kallstrom, H., Pointereau, P., Strijker, D., Visek, L., Vranken, L. & Zobena, A. (2015). Farmland abandonment in Europe: Identification of drivers and indicators, and development of a composite indicator of risk. Land Use Policy 49, 20–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.06.009.10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.06.009Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[67] Vera, F. (2000). Grazing Ecology and Forest History. Wallingford: CABI.10.1079/9780851994420.0000Search in Google Scholar

[68] Verburg, P. H., van Berkel, D., van Doorn, A., van Eupen, M. & van den Heiligenberg, R. (2010). Trajectories of land use change in Europe: A model based exploration of rural futures. Landscape Ecology 25(2) 217–232. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-009-9347-7.10.1007/s10980-009-9347-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[69] Verburg, P. H., Veldkamp, A., Espaldon, R. L. V., Mastura, S. S. A. (2002). Modelling the spatial dynamics of regional land use: the CLUE-S model. Environmental Management, 30(3), 391–405. DOI: 10.1007/s00267-002-2630-x.10.1007/s00267-002-2630-x12148073Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[70] Verburg, P. H. & Overmars, K. (2009). Combining top-down and bottom-up dynamics in land use modelling: exploring the future of abandoned farmlands in Europe with the Dyna-CLUE model. Landscape Ecology 24, 1167–1181. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-009-9355-7.10.1007/s10980-009-9355-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[71] Wilson, G. (2001). From productivism to post-productivism and back again? Exploring the (un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26(1), 77–102.10.1111/1475-5661.00007Search in Google Scholar

[72] Wynn-Jones, S. (2013). Connecting payments for ecosystem services and agri-environment regulation: An analysis of the Welsh Glastir Scheme. Journal of Rural Studies 31, 77–86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.01.004.10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.01.004Open DOISearch in Google Scholar