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<p>The article presents anthropogenic and natural factors influencing African World Heritage sites. The analysis was based on the data contained in the Conservation Outlook Assessments for 2020, including all sites on the African continent where natural values are protected, i.e., both natural (38) and mixed sites – natural and cultural (6). The assessment of current and potential threats and effectiveness of protection and management included 57 items, each of which was analyzed concerning all African properties. The results show that the African World Heritage sites are subject to various pressures from human activity and natural factors. The most common current threat is hunting and trapping, found in 33 sites. The spread of invasive (alien) species in 21 areas is second. Common threats (reported in 15-17 sites) include livestock farming and grazing, logging and wood collecting, fires, tourism, mining, and crops. The most frequently mentioned potential threats are mining, oil/gas exploration, construction of dams, and various effects of climate change – droughts, flooding, temperature extremes, and habitat shifting. The effectiveness of protection and management is not satisfactory. There are serious concerns related to law enforcement, sustainable finance, staff capacity, training, and development. Some concerns are directed to monitoring, tourism and visitation management, boundaries, and effectiveness of the management system. Results of a review show that, of all natural and mixed World Heritage sites in Africa for three areas, the conservation outlook is assessed as good, 15 – good with some concerns, 14 – significant concerns, and 12 – critical. In 2020, as many as 11 “in danger” sites were listed in Africa. At that time, there were 17 sites around the World in danger, i.e. as many as 70% of them were in Africa.</p>
</abstract>

The article presents anthropogenic and natural factors influencing African World Heritage sites. The analysis was based on the data contained in the Conservation Outlook Assessments for 2020, including all sites on the African continent where natural values are protected, i.e., both natural (38) and mixed sites – natural and cultural (6). The assessment of current and potential threats and effectiveness of protection and management included 57 items, each of which was analyzed concerning all African properties. The results show that the African World Heritage sites are subject to various pressures from human activity and natural factors. The most common current threat is hunting and trapping, found in 33 sites. The spread of invasive (alien) species in 21 areas is second. Common threats (reported in 15-17 sites) include livestock farming and grazing, logging and wood collecting, fires, tourism, mining, and crops. The most frequently mentioned potential threats are mining, oil/gas exploration, construction of dams, and various effects of climate change – droughts, flooding, temperature extremes, and habitat shifting. The effectiveness of protection and management is not satisfactory. There are serious concerns related to law enforcement, sustainable finance, staff capacity, training, and development. Some concerns are directed to monitoring, tourism and visitation management, boundaries, and effectiveness of the management system. Results of a review show that, of all natural and mixed World Heritage sites in Africa for three areas, the conservation outlook is assessed as good, 15 – good with some concerns, 14 – significant concerns, and 12 – critical. In 2020, as many as 11 “in danger” sites were listed in Africa. At that time, there were 17 sites around the World in danger, i.e. as many as 70% of them were in Africa.

Anthropogenic and natural factors influencing African World Heritage sites

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

{"article-title":"Anthropogenic and natural factors influencing African World Heritage sites"}

The article presents anthropogenic and natural factors influencing African World Heritage sites. The analysis was based on the data contained in the...

Anthropogenic and natural factors influencing African World Heritage sites

Published Online: Sep 27, 2022

Page range: 67 - 84

Received: Dec 29, 2021

Accepted: Aug 01, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2022-0018

Keywords
World Heritage, human impact, threats, management, nature protection, Africa

© 2022 Renata Dulias, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Anthropogenic and natural factors influencing African World Heritage sites

Published Online: Sep 27, 2022

Page range: 67 - 84

Received: Dec 29, 2021

Accepted: Aug 01, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2022-0018

KeywordsWorld Heritage, human impact, threats, management, nature protection, Africa

© 2022 Renata Dulias, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
World Heritage, human impact, threats, management, nature protection, Africa