Open Access

Interplay between cardiovascular and thyroid dysfunctions: A review of clinical implications and management strategies


Cite

Abreu IM, Lau E, de Sousa Pinto B, Carvalho D. Subclinical hypothyroidism: to treat or not to treat, that is the question! A systematic review with meta-analysis on lipid profile. Endocr Connect 6, 188–199, 2017.10.1530/EC-17-0028542891128249936 Search in Google Scholar

Adler SM, Wartofsky L. The nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 36, 657–672, 2007.10.1016/j.ecl.2007.04.00717673123 Search in Google Scholar

Andersen MN, Olsen AM, Madsen JC, Faber J, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, Selmer C. Levothyroxine substitution in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of myocardial infarction and mortality. PloS one 10, e0129793, 2015.10.1371/journal.pone.0129793446640026069971 Search in Google Scholar

Andersen MN, Olsen AS, Madsen JC, Kristensen SL, Faber J, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, Selmer C. Long-term outcome in levothyroxine treated patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and concomitant heart disease. J Clin Endocr Metab 101, 4170–4177, 2016.10.1210/jc.2016-222627571183 Search in Google Scholar

Bano A, Dhana K, Chaker L, Kavousi M, Ikram MA, Mattace-Raso FUS, Peeters RP, Franco OH. Association of thyroid function with life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam study. JAMA Intern Med 177, 1650–1657. 2017.10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4836571026628975207 Search in Google Scholar

Bhatnagar AD. Study to find out incidence of cardiac manifestation in thyroid disorder (hypo and hyper both). Sch J App Med Sci 6, 2180–2184, 2018. Search in Google Scholar

Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Chiovato L, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Links TP, Vanderpump M. 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines for the management of amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunction. Eur Thyroid J 7, 55–66, 2018. Search in Google Scholar

Basaria S, Cooper DS. Amiodarone and the thyroid. Am J Med 118, 706–714, 2005.10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.11.02815989900 Search in Google Scholar

Baumgartner C, Blum MR, Rodondi N. Subclinical hypothyroidism: summary of evidence in 2014. Swiss Med Wkly 144, w14058, 2014.10.4414/smw.2014.1405825536449 Search in Google Scholar

Behera BK, Satpathy A, Samal K. Cardiovascular changes in newly detected hypothyroid patients in Eastern India. Int J Res Med Sci 5, 4302–4306, 2017.10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174171 Search in Google Scholar

Biondi B. Heart failure and thyroid dysfunction. Eur J Endocrinol 167, 609–618, 2012.10.1530/EJE-12-062722956554 Search in Google Scholar

Biondi B, Bartalena L, Cooper DS, Hegedus L, Laurberg P, Kahaly GJ. The 2015 European Thyroid Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 4, 149–163, 2015.10.1159/000438750463751326558232 Search in Google Scholar

Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, Cooper LT, Deswal A, Fonarow GC, Francis GS, Lenihan D, et al. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 134, e579–e646, 2016.10.1161/CIR.000000000000045527832612 Search in Google Scholar

Cai Y, Ren Y, Shi J. Blood pressure levels in patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional data. Hypertens Res 34, 1098–1105, 2011.10.1038/hr.2011.9121796125 Search in Google Scholar

Cappola AR, Fried LP, Arnold AM, Danese MD, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Tracy RP, Ladenson PW. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA 295, 1033–1041, 2006.10.1001/jama.295.9.1033138782216507804 Search in Google Scholar

Chaker L, Baumgartner C, Ikram MA, Dehghan A, Medici M, Visser WE, Hofman A, Rodondi N, Peeters RP, Franco OH. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 29, 791–800, 2014.10.1007/s10654-014-9946-825179793 Search in Google Scholar

Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B. Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities. Drug Des Devel Ther 6, 1–11, 2012.10.2147/DDDT.S12894326751722291465 Search in Google Scholar

Chang CY, Chien YJ, Lin PC, Chen CS, Wu MY. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome and hypothyroidism in ischemic heart disease population: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocr Metab 105, dgaa310, 2020.10.1210/clinem/dgaa31032459357 Search in Google Scholar

Charles L, Triscott J, Dobbs B. Secondary hypertension: discovering the underlying cause. Am Fam Physician 96, 453–461, 2017. Search in Google Scholar

Chaudhary N, Duggal AK, Makhija P, Puri V, Khwaja GA. Statin-induced bilateral foot drop in a case of hypothyroidism. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 18, 331–334, 2015.10.4103/0972-2327.157251456447026425013 Search in Google Scholar

Chen YF, Kobayashi S, Chen J, Redetzke RA, Said S, Liang Q, Gerdes AM. Short term triiodo-L-thyronine treatment inhibits cardiac myocyte apoptosis in border area after myocardial infarction in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 44, 180–187, 2008.10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.09.009223581417964598 Search in Google Scholar

Collet TH, Gussekloo J, Bauer DC, den Elzen WP, Cappola AR, Balmer P, Iervasi G, Asvold BO, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. Arch Intern Med. 172, 799–809, 2012.10.1001/archinternmed.2012.402387247822529182 Search in Google Scholar

Dahl P, Danzi S, Klein I. Thyrotoxic cardiac disease. Curr Heart Fail Rep 5, 170–176, 2008.10.1007/s11897-008-0026-918752767 Search in Google Scholar

Davis PJ, Davis FB, Mousa SA. Thyroid hormone-induced angiogenesis. Curr Cardiol Rev 5, 12–16, 2009.10.2174/157340309787048158280328220066142 Search in Google Scholar

Dey A, Kanneganti V, Das D. A study of the cardiac risk factors emerging out of subclinical hypothyroidism. J Family Med Prim Care 8, 2439–2444, 2019.10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_348_19669144831463273 Search in Google Scholar

Dorr M, Ruppert Jr, Robinson DM, Kors JA, Felix SB, Volzke H. The relation of thyroid function and ventricular repolarization: decreased serum thyrotropin levels are associated with short rate-adjusted QT intervals. J Clin Endocr Metab 91, 4938–4942, 2004.10.1210/jc.2006-101716968798 Search in Google Scholar

Dorr M, Robinson DM, Wallaschofski H, Schwahn C, John U, Felix SB, Volzke H. Low serum thyrotropin is associated with high plasma fibrinogen. J Clin Endocr Metab 91, 530–534, 2006.10.1210/jc.2005-178616303831 Search in Google Scholar

Duntas LH, Brenta G. A renewed focus on the association between thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism. Front Endocrinol 9, 511, 2018.10.3389/fendo.2018.00511612960630233497 Search in Google Scholar

Erem C, Kavgaci H, Ersoz HO, Hacihasanoglu A, Ukinc K, Karti SS, Deger O, Telatari M. Blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity in hypothyroidism. Int J Clin Pract 57, 78–81, 2003. Search in Google Scholar

Erem C. Blood coagulation, fibrinolytic activity and lipid profile in subclinical thyroid disease: subclinical hyperthyroidism increases plasma factor X activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64, 323–329, 2006.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02464.x16487444 Search in Google Scholar

Ertek S, Cicero AF. Hyperthyroidism and cardiovascular complications: a narrative review on the basis of pathophysiology. Arch Med Sci 9, 944, 2013.10.5114/aoms.2013.38685383283624273583 Search in Google Scholar

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD Compare 2010. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/. Accessed April 30, 2014. Search in Google Scholar

Forini F, Lionetti V, Ardehali H, Pucci A, Cecchetti F, Ghanefar M, Nicolini G, Ichikawa Y, Nannipieri M, Recchia FA, Iervasi G. Early long‐term L‐T3 replacement rescues mitochondria and prevents ischemic cardiac remodelling in rats. J Cell Mol Med 15, 514–524, 2011.10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01014.x392237320100314 Search in Google Scholar

Franchini M, Lippi G, Targher G. Hyperthyroidism and venous thrombosis: a casual or causal association? A systematic literature review. Clin Appl Thromb-Hem 17, 387–392, 2011.10.1177/107602961036452120308227 Search in Google Scholar

Fukuyama K, Ichiki T, Takeda K, Tokunou T, Iino N, Masuda S, Ishibashi M, Egashira K, Shimokawa H, Hirano K, Kanaide H, Takeshita A. Downregulation of vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor by thyroid hormone. Hypertension 41, 598–603, 2003.10.1161/01.HYP.0000056524.35294.8012623965 Search in Google Scholar

Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Frye RL, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 38, 1231–1265, 2001. Search in Google Scholar

Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation-Executive Summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). Eur Heart J 27, 1979–2030, 2006.10.1093/europace/eum142 Search in Google Scholar

Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA; American Association Of Clinical Endocrinologists And American Thyroid Association Taskforce On Hypothyroidism In Adults. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid 22, 1200–1235, 2012.10.1089/thy.2012.020522954017 Search in Google Scholar

Gencer B, Collet TH, Virgini V, Bauer DC, Gussekloo J, Cappola AR, Nanchen D, den Elzen WP, Balmer P, Luben RN, Iacoviello M, Triggiani V, Cornuz J, Newman AB, Khaw KT, Jukema JW, Westendorp RG, Vittinghoff E, Aujesky D, Rodondi N; Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of heart failure events: an individual participant data analysis from 6 prospective cohorts. Circulation 126, 1040–1049, 2012.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.096024388457622821943 Search in Google Scholar

Holmager P, Schmidt U, Mark P, Andersen U, Dominguez H, Raymond I, Zerahn B, Nygaard B, Kistorp C, Faber J. Long‐term L‐triiodothyronine (T3) treatment in stable systolic heart failure patients: a randomised, double‐ blind, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled intervention study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 83, 931–937, 2015.10.1111/cen.1264825359424 Search in Google Scholar

Homoncik M, Gessl A, Ferlitsch A, Jilma B, Vierhapper H. Altered platelet plug formation in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocr Metab 92, 3006–3012, 2007.10.1210/jc.2006-264417488803 Search in Google Scholar

Iervasi G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, L’Abbate A, Donato L. Low-T3 syndrome: a strong prognostic predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation 107, 708–713, 2003.10.1161/01.CIR.0000048124.64204.3F12578873 Search in Google Scholar

Iervasi G, Molinaro S, Landi P, Taddei MC, Galli E, Mariani F, L’Abbate A, Pingitore A. Association between increased mortality and mild thyroid dysfunction in cardiac patients. Arch Intern Med 167, 1526–1532, 2007.10.1001/archinte.167.14.152617646607 Search in Google Scholar

Inciardi RM, Chandra A, Claggett B, Wijkman M, Selvin E, Kottgen A, Kucharska-Newton A, Diem S, Schultheiss U, Shah A, Solomon SD, Vardeny O, ARIC Investigators. Thyroid dysfunction and incident heart failure phenotypes among older adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (aric) study. Eur Heart J 41, 2020.10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0866 Search in Google Scholar

India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CVD Collaborators. The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. Lancet Glob Health 6, e1339–e1351, 2018. Search in Google Scholar

Jabbar A, Pingitore A, Pearce SH, Zaman A, Iervasi G, Razvi S. Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 14, 39–55, 2017.10.1038/nrcardio.2016.17427811932 Search in Google Scholar

Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman KD, Cappola AR, Celi FS, Cooper DS, Kim BW, Peeters RP, Rosenthal MS, Sawka AM; American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid 24, 1670–1751, 2014.10.1089/thy.2014.0028426740925266247 Search in Google Scholar

Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedus L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European thyroid association guideline for the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 7, 167–186, 2018. Search in Google Scholar

Kandan V, Sathyamurthy P, Rajkumar M. Cardiovascular manifestations in hyperthyroidism. Int J Res Med Sci 4, 3032–3038, 2016.10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20161999 Search in Google Scholar

Kim YA, Park YJ. Prevalence and risk factors of subclinical thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab 29, 20–29, 2014.10.3803/EnM.2014.29.1.20 Search in Google Scholar

Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener HC, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 50, e1–e88, 2016. Search in Google Scholar

Klein I, Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Curr Prob Cardiol 41, 65–92, 2016.10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.04.002 Search in Google Scholar

Kravets I. Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 93, 363–370, 2016. Search in Google Scholar

Kuchulakanti PK, Bandaru VS, Kuchulakanti A, Lakshumaiah T, Rathod M, Khare R, Sairam P, Reddy PR, Ravikanth A, Guruprakash A, Reddy RP. Association of subclinical hypothyroidism in heart failure: a study from South India. Br J Cardiol 26, 35, 2019. Search in Google Scholar

Ladenson PW. Recognition and management of cardiovascular disease related to thyroid dysfunction. Am J Med 88, 638–641, 1990.10.1016/0002-9343(90)90532-I Search in Google Scholar

Lee YS, Choi JW, Bae EJ, Park WI, Lee HJ, Oh PS. The corrected QT (QTc) prolongation in hyperthyroidism and the association of thyroid hormone with the QTc interval. Korean J Pediatr 58, 263–266, 2015.10.3345/kjp.2015.58.7.263454318626300941 Search in Google Scholar

Li X, Wang Y, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L. The lipid‐lowering effect of levothyroxine in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 87, 1–9, 2017.10.1111/cen.1333828342184 Search in Google Scholar

Liu XL, He S, Zhang SF, Wang J, Sun XF, Gong CM, Zheng SJ, Zhou JC, Xu J. Alteration of lipid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit 20, 1432–1441, 2014.10.12659/MSM.891163414494625124461 Search in Google Scholar

Lymvaios I, Mourouzis I, Cokkinos DV, Dimopoulos MA, Toumanidis ST, Pantos C. Thyroid hormone and recovery of cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a strong association? Eur J Endocrinol 165, 107–114, 2011.10.1530/EJE-11-006221490121 Search in Google Scholar

Manolis AA, Manolis TA, Melita H, Manolis AS. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences: An alarming wake-up call? Trends Cardiovas Med 30, 57–69, 2020.10.1016/j.tcm.2019.02.01130871865 Search in Google Scholar

Marin-Garcia J, Goldenthal MJ. Mitochondrial centrality in heart failure. Heart fail rev 13, 137–150, 2008.10.1007/s10741-007-9079-118185992 Search in Google Scholar

Mastropasqua M, Spagna G, Baldini V, Tedesco I, Paggi A. Hoffman’s syndrome: muscle stiffness, pseudohypertrophy and hypothyroidism. Horm Res 59, 105–108, 2003.10.1159/00006857312589116 Search in Google Scholar

Meng Y, Zhao T, Zhang ZY, Zhang DK. Association between sub-clinical hypothyroidism and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Chin Med J (Engl) 133, 364–366, 2020.10.1097/CM9.0000000000000631700462231904733 Search in Google Scholar

Mithal A, Dharmalingam M, Tewari N. Are patients with primary hypothyroidism in India receiving appropriate thyroxine replacement? An observational study. Indian J Endocr Metab 18, 83–88, 2014.10.4103/2230-8210.126582396873924701435 Search in Google Scholar

Moini J, Pereira K, Samsam M. Epidemiology of Thyroid Disorders. Elsevier, 2020.10.1016/B978-0-12-818500-1.00001-3 Search in Google Scholar

Moon S, Kim MJ, Yu JM, Yoo HJ, Park YJ. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Thyroid 28, 1101–1110, 2018.10.1089/thy.2017.041429978767 Search in Google Scholar

Nanchen D, Gussekloo J, Westendorp RG, Stott DJ, Jukema JW, Trompet S, Ford I, Welsh P, Sattar N, Macfarlane PW, Mooijaart SP, Rodondi N, de Craen AJ; PROSPER Group. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of heart failure in older persons at high cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocr Metab 97, 852–861, 2012.Ochs N, Auer R, Bauer DC, Nanchen D, Gussekloo J, Cornuz J, Rodondi N. Meta-analysis: subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk for coronary heart disease and mortality. Ann Intern Med 148, 832–845, 2008.10.1210/jc.2011-197822238391 Search in Google Scholar

Pantos C, Malliopoulou V, Mourouzis I, Karamanoli E, Moraitis P, Tzeis S, Paizis I, Cokkinos AD, Carageorgiou H, Varonos DD, Cokkinos DV. Thyroxine pretreatment increases basal myocardial heat-shock protein 27 expression and accelerates translocation and phosphorylation of this protein upon ischaemia. Eur J Pharmacol 478, 53–60, 2003a.10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.03014555185 Search in Google Scholar

Pantos C, Malliopoulou V, Paizis I, Moraitis P, Mourouzis I, Tzeis S, Karamanoli E, Cokkinos DD, Carageorgiou H, Varonos D, Cokkinos DV. Thyroid hormone and cardioprotection: study of p38 MAPK and JNKs during ischaemia and at reperfusion in isolated rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem 242, 173–180, 2003b.10.1007/978-1-4757-4712-6_22 Search in Google Scholar

Pasqualetti G, Tognini S, Polini A, Caraccio N, Monzani F. Is subclinical hypothyroidism a cardiovascular risk factor in the elderly? J Clin Endocr Metab 98, 2256–2266, 2013.10.1210/jc.2012-381823559085 Search in Google Scholar

Pearce EN. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis. BMJ 332, 1369–1373, 2006.10.1136/bmj.332.7554.1369147672716763249 Search in Google Scholar

Persani L, Brabant G, Dattani M, Bonomi M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Fliers E, Gruters A, Maiter D, Schoenmakers N, van Trotsenburg ASP. 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J 7, 225–237, 2018. Search in Google Scholar

Pingitore A, Galli E, Barison A, Iervasi A, Scarlattini M, Nucci D, L’abbate A, Mariotti R, Iervasi G. Acute effects of triiodothyronine (T3) replacement therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and low-T3 syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocr Metab 93, 1351–1358, 2008.10.1210/jc.2007-221018171701 Search in Google Scholar

Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Falk V, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 18, 891–975, 2016. Search in Google Scholar

Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Roy A. Cardiovascular diseases in India: current epidemiology and future directions. Circulation 133, 1605–1620, 2016.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.00872927142605 Search in Google Scholar

Ravishankar MS, Harish Kumar S, Balachandra G. Cardiac Manifestations in Overt and Subclinical Hypothyroidism Subjects in a Tertiary Care Centre. J Intern Med 7, 31–35, 2018. Search in Google Scholar

Razvi S, Weaver JU, Butler TJ, Pearce SH. Levothyroxine treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism, fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, and mortality. Arch Intern Med 172, 811–817, 2012.10.1001/archinternmed.2012.115922529180 Search in Google Scholar

Razvi S, Jabbar A, Pingitore A, Danzi S, Biondi B, Klein I, Peeters R, Zaman A, Iervasi G. Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular function and diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 71, 1781–1796, 2018.10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.04529673469 Search in Google Scholar

Razvi S. Novel uses of thyroid hormones in cardiovascular conditions. Endocrine 66, 115–123, 2019.10.1007/s12020-019-02050-4679447431617169 Search in Google Scholar

Rodondi N, Aujesky D, Vittinghoff E, Cornuz J, Bauer DC. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 119, 541–551, 2006.10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.02816828622 Search in Google Scholar

Rodondi N, den Elzen WP, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, Razvi S, Walsh JP, Asvold BO, Iervasi G, Imaizumi M, Collet TH, Bremner A, Maisonneuve P, Sgarbi JA, Khaw KT, Vanderpump MP, Newman AB, Cornuz J, Franklyn JA, Westendorp RG, Vittinghoff E, Gussekloo J; Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. JAMA 304, 1365–1374, 2010.10.1001/jama.2010.1361392347020858880 Search in Google Scholar

Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, Rivkees SA, Samuels M, Sosa JA, Stan MN, Walter MA. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 26, 1343–1421, 2016. Search in Google Scholar

Rush J, Danzi S, Klein I. Role of thyroid disease in the development of statin-induced myopathy. The Endocrinologist 16, 279–285, 2006.10.1097/01.ten.0000240960.40281.2b Search in Google Scholar

Saad M, Lacoste AG, Balar P, Zhang A, Vittorio TJ. The subclinical hypothyroid state might predict 30-day readmission in patients admitted with acute heart failure syndrome and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 14, 2020.10.1177/1753944720977742775057233336627 Search in Google Scholar

Satoh T, Isozaki O, Suzuki A, Wakino S, Iburi T, Tsuboi K, Kanamoto N, Otani H, Furukawa Y, Teramukai S, Akamizu T. 2016 Guidelines for the management of thyroid storm from The Japan Thyroid Association and Japan Endocrine Society. Endocr J 63, 1025–1064, 2016. Search in Google Scholar

Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med 331, 1249–1252, 1994.10.1056/NEJM1994111033119017935681 Search in Google Scholar

Schenck JB, Rizvi AA, Lin T. Severe primary hypothyroidism manifesting with torsades de pointes. Am J Med Sci 331, 154–156, 2006.10.1097/00000441-200603000-0000816538077 Search in Google Scholar

Shende P, Choudhari S, Kelkar M, Chafekar N. A study of cardiovascular changes in newly detected hypothyroid patients. MVP J Med Sci 4, 102–106, 2017. Search in Google Scholar

Schmidt-Ott UM, Ascheim DD. Thyroid hormone and heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 3, 114–119, 2006.10.1007/s11897-006-0010-116914103 Search in Google Scholar

Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, von Kappelgaard LM, Madsen JC, Hansen PR, Pedersen OD, Faber J, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH. Subclinical and overt thyroid dysfunction and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: a large population study. J Clin Endocr Metab 99, 2372–2382, 2014.10.1210/jc.2013-418424654753 Search in Google Scholar

Selvamuthukumaran S. Cardiovascular manifestations in patients with hypothyroidism in rural South India – a prospective study. Int J Contemp Med Res 5, H6–H9, 2018.10.21276/ijcmr.2018.5.8.24 Search in Google Scholar

Silva J, Landsberg L. Catecholamines and the sympathoadrenal system in hypothyroidism. The thyroid: A fundamental and clinical text. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 820–823, 2000. Search in Google Scholar

Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, Fang MC, Go AS, Halperin JL, Lip GYH, Manning WJ. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 133, 546S–592S, 2008.10.1378/chest.08-067818574273 Search in Google Scholar

Singh S, Duggal J, Molnar J, Maldonado F, Barsano CP, Arora R. Impact of subclinical thyroid disorders on coronary heart disease, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 125, 41–48, 2008.10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.02.02717434631 Search in Google Scholar

Siu CW, Yeung CY, Lau CP, Kung AW, Tse HF. Incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome of congestive heart failure as the initial presentation in patients with primary hyperthyroidism. Heart 93, 483–487, 2007.10.1136/hrt.2006.100628186147817005710 Search in Google Scholar

Squizzato A, Gerdes V, Brandjes D, Buller H, Stam J. Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 36, 2302–2310, 2005.10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.0716179578 Search in Google Scholar

Stott DJ, Rodondi N, Kearney PM, Ford I, Westendorp RGJ, Mooijaart SP, Sattar N, Aubert CE, et al. Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 376, 2534–2544, 2017. Search in Google Scholar

Sun J, Yao L, Fang Y, Yang R, Chen Y, Yang K, Tian L. Relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Endocrinol 2017, 2017.10.1155/2017/8130796561079429081800 Search in Google Scholar

Toft A, Menon N. Thyroid disease and the heart. Heart 84, 455–460, 2000.10.1136/heart.84.4.455172943610995425 Search in Google Scholar

Trohman RG, Sharma PS, McAninch EA, Bianco AC. Amiodarone and thyroid physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Trends Cardiovas Med 29, 285–295, 2019.10.1016/j.tcm.2018.09.005666101630309693 Search in Google Scholar

Unnikrishnan AG, Menon UV. Thyroid disorders in India: An epidemiological perspective. Indian J Endocr Metab 15, S78–S81, 2011.10.4103/2230-8210.83329316986621966658 Search in Google Scholar

Vaideeswar P, Singaravel S, Gupte P. The thyroid in ischemic heart disease: An autopsy study. Indian Heart J 70, S489–S491, 2018.10.1016/j.ihj.2018.07.015630957330595314 Search in Google Scholar

Vasileiou M, Gilbert J, Fishburn S, Boelaert K; Guideline Committee. Thyroid disease assessment and management: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 368, 2020.10.1136/bmj.m4131996347 Search in Google Scholar

Wang B, Liu S, Li L, Yao Q, Song R, Shao X, Li Q, Shi X, Zhang JA. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome in patients with cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol 226, 1–10, 2017.10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.03927776249 Search in Google Scholar

Waring AC, Rodondi N, Harrison S, Kanaya AM, Simonsick EM, Miljkovic I, Satterfield S, Newman AB, Bauer DC; Health, Ageing, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Thyroid function and prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome in older adults: the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 76, 911–918, 2012.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04328.x333443022187968 Search in Google Scholar

Werner SC, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE, Utiger RD. Werner & Ingbar’s the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 549, 2005. Search in Google Scholar

Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 128, e240–e327, 2013. Search in Google Scholar

Yang GZ, Xue FS, Liu YY, Li HX, Liu Q, Liao X. Effects of enteral different-dose levothyroxinesodium pretreatment on serum thyroid hormone levels and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Perfusion 33, 584–592, 2018.10.1177/026765911876922829722287 Search in Google Scholar

Yang G, Wang Y, Ma A, Wang T. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse prognosis in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. BMC Cardiovasc Disor 19, 83, 2019.10.1186/s12872-019-1055-x645000530947691 Search in Google Scholar

Ye Y, Xie H, Zeng Y, Zhao X, Tian Z, Zhang S. Association between subclinical hypothyroidism and blood pressure-a meta-analysis of observational studies. Endocr Pract 20, 150–158, 2014.10.4158/EP13237.OR24014003 Search in Google Scholar

Yoshida K, Yoshiyama M, Omura T, Nakamura Y, Kim S, Takeuchi K, Iwao H, Yoshikawa J. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the non-ischemic myocardium of an acute myocardial infarction in rats. Jpn Circ J 65, 808–814, 2001.10.1253/jcj.65.80811548881 Search in Google Scholar

Zhao T, Chen B, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Shan Z. Effect of levothyroxine on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism patients: a meta-analysis. BMJ open 7, e016053, 2017.10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016053566533029061604 Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
1336-0329
Language:
English