Open Access

Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

Laurent Poget
Laurent Poget
, 
Catherine Goujon
Catherine Goujon
, 
Samuel Kleinhans
Samuel Kleinhans
, 
Serge Maeder
Serge Maeder
 and 
Jean-Pierre Schaller
Jean-Pierre Schaller
   | Jul 17, 2021
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Published Online: Jul 17, 2021
Page range: 109 - 126
Received: Dec 04, 2020
Accepted: Mar 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2021-0008
Keywords
© 2021 Laurent Poget et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Example of the non-inferiority test used in the determination of threshold of robust reduction across A, B, C, D and E conditions. Error bars delimit 0.95 confidence intervals of the means. The lowest-bound (D) is right above 65% and the considered HPHC therefore belongs to the corresponding threshold category (i.e., ≥65%).
Example of the non-inferiority test used in the determination of threshold of robust reduction across A, B, C, D and E conditions. Error bars delimit 0.95 confidence intervals of the means. The lowest-bound (D) is right above 65% and the considered HPHC therefore belongs to the corresponding threshold category (i.e., ≥65%).

Figure 2

Average reduction in HPHC in volume-adjusted yields. Comparison of overall relative reduction across various ambient conditions using volume-adjusted values. THS 2.2 aerosol levels are calculated as a percentage of 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke levels. D, S, and H stand for Dry (Hot and Dry), ISO (Mediterranean), and Humid (Hot and Very Humid) conditions. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for calculation of the average reductions varied among the different combinations of conditions.
Average reduction in HPHC in volume-adjusted yields. Comparison of overall relative reduction across various ambient conditions using volume-adjusted values. THS 2.2 aerosol levels are calculated as a percentage of 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke levels. D, S, and H stand for Dry (Hot and Dry), ISO (Mediterranean), and Humid (Hot and Very Humid) conditions. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for calculation of the average reductions varied among the different combinations of conditions.

Figure 3

Average reduction in nicotine-adjusted HPHC yields. Comparison of overall relative reduction across various ambient conditions using nicotine-adjusted values. THS 2.2 aerosol levels are calculated as a percentage of 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke levels. D, S, and H stand for Dry (Hot and Dry), ISO (Mediterranean), and Humid (Hot and Very Humid) conditions. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for calculation of the average reductions varied among the different combinations of conditions.
Average reduction in nicotine-adjusted HPHC yields. Comparison of overall relative reduction across various ambient conditions using nicotine-adjusted values. THS 2.2 aerosol levels are calculated as a percentage of 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke levels. D, S, and H stand for Dry (Hot and Dry), ISO (Mediterranean), and Humid (Hot and Very Humid) conditions. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1. The number of HPHCs (n) considered for calculation of the average reductions varied among the different combinations of conditions.

Figure 4

Cases substantially impacted by change in the climatic conditions used for smoking the 3R4F reference cigarette. Error bars delimit 0.95 confidence intervals of the respective means. The dashed lines indicate the closest threshold category sitting below the lowest-bound of the confidence intervals considered across all conditions. With the same principle, the solid lines indicate the threshold category defined for THS 2.2 relative to 3R4F under ISO climatic conditions. Threshold categories consist of a series of predefined discrete values. Contiguous graphs were paired by compounds, with relative reduction presented on the left and volume-adjusted yields on the right. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1.Abbreviations: HPHC = harmful and potentially harmful constituent; Hg = mercury.
Cases substantially impacted by change in the climatic conditions used for smoking the 3R4F reference cigarette. Error bars delimit 0.95 confidence intervals of the respective means. The dashed lines indicate the closest threshold category sitting below the lowest-bound of the confidence intervals considered across all conditions. With the same principle, the solid lines indicate the threshold category defined for THS 2.2 relative to 3R4F under ISO climatic conditions. Threshold categories consist of a series of predefined discrete values. Contiguous graphs were paired by compounds, with relative reduction presented on the left and volume-adjusted yields on the right. The respective conditions identified by D, S, and H are described in Table 1.Abbreviations: HPHC = harmful and potentially harmful constituent; Hg = mercury.

Mean (± SD) of nicotine-adjusted yields of compounds investigated in 3R4F mainstream smoke and THS 2.2 aerosol, measured under various climatic conditions.

Item 3R4F THS 2.2 Unit
Identification 35% RH / 30 60% RH / 22 75% RH / 30 35% RH / 30 60% RH / 22 75% RH / 30
ISO parameters and product-specific constituents
Glycerol 1.13 ± 0.08 1.24 ± 0.11 1.61 ± 0.13 2.91 ± 0.14 3.29 ± 0.20 3.37 ± 0.13 [mg/item/mg nicotine]
Nicotine 1.00 ± 0.07 1.00 ± 0.07 1.00 ± 0.10 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.03 1.00 ± 0.05 [mg/item/mg nicotine]
NFDPM 15.4 ± 0.5 16.4 ± 1.0 27.2 ± 1.1 7.73 ± 0.79 8.60 ± 0.64 10.22 ± 0.99 [mg/item/mg nicotine]
Carbon monoxide 13.4 ± 0.4 16.0 ± 0.5 22.5 ± 0.8 0.31 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.01 0.38 ± 0.02 [mg/item/mg nicotine]
Ammonia 18.8 ± 1.4 15.3 ± 1.0 20.6 ± 1.5 8.53 ± 0.27 7.40 ± 0.28 8.72 ± 0.54 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde 50.2 ± 5.9 34.0 ± 2.7 22.5 ± 1.1 3.21 ± 0.68 3.29 ± 0.31 3.34 ± 0.80 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acetaldehyde 863 ± 24 875 ± 46 1154 ± 74 130 ± 11 149 ± 14 194 ± 22 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acetone 378 ± 11 391 ± 26 502 ± 32 24.9 ± 3.3 26.2 ± 2.7 33.7 ± 4.3 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acrolein 95.1 ± 3.0 97.5 ± 5.9 120.0 ± 9.3 6.31 ± 0.95 6.94 ± 1.02 10.72 ± 2.31 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Propionaldehyde 66.9 ± 1.3 69.7 ± 4.9 92.8 ± 5.8 8.46 ± 1.01 9.81 ± 1.04 13.98 ± 1.84 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Crotonaldehyde 25.9 ± 1.1 26.7 ± 2.1 33.9 ± 2.3 1.19 ± 0.16 1.27 ± 0.14 1.77 ± 0.32 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Methyl ethyl ketone 102 ± 3 110 ± 9 141 ± 9 5.05 ± 0.70 5.60 ± 0.68 8.10 ± 1.17 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Butyraldehyde 31.7 ± 1.3 32.6 ± 2.5 42.2 ± 3.1 8.90 ± 0.65 10.12 ± 0.81 12.30 ± 0.97 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Hydrogen cyanide 218 ± 10 249 ± 10 331 ± 18 3.24 ± 0.23 2.17 ± 0.31 2.46 ± 0.14 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Mercury 1.84 ± 0.11 2.33 ± 0.17 2.89 ± 0.34 1.66 ± 0.07 1.58 ± 0.04 1.95 ± 0.12 [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium 46.8 ± 3.3 53.3 ± 3.7 82.7 ± 4.2 0.088* 0.117* 0.165* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Lead 13.1* 14.1 ± 0.6 21.6 ± 1.1 0.64* 0.34* 0.95* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Chromium 5.93* 9.14* 12.38* 2.27* 2.33* 2.68* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Nickel 6.42* 9.92* 9.15* 10.9* 11.2* 12.9* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Arsenic 4.10 ± 0.33 4.52 ± 0.41 6.34 ± 0.27 0.85* 0.84* 0.97* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Selenium 2.20* 2.32* 3.14* 0.41* 0.50* 0.67* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Nitrogen oxides
NO 222 ± 13 256 ± 9 382 ± 40 11.2 ± 0.5 12.8 ± 0.7 14.8 ± 0.2 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
NOx 241 ± 12 282 ± 10 426 ± 47 11.8 ± 0.5 13.7 ± 0.8 15.4 ± 0.3 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone 38.0 ± 2.2 44.1 ± 0.7 68.5 ± 1.5 3.73 ± 0.58 5.46 ± 0.39 7.02 ± 0.65 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Resorcinol 0.85 ± 0.04 0.98 ± 0.02 1.38 ± 0.02 0.020 ± 0.003 0.027 ± 0.003 0.046 ± 0.006 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Catechol 45.7 ± 3.0 47.0 ± 0.8 56.2 ± 1.0 8.03 ± 0.88 10.50 ± 0.55 12.61 ± 1.01 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Phenol 9.81 ± 1.33 7.30 ± 0.65 2.41 ± 0.32 0.99 ± 0.22 1.06 ± 0.12 1.51 ± 0.09 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
p-Cresol 5.86 ± 0.72 5.13 ± 0.37 2.55 ± 0.25 0.047 ± 0.009 0.050 ± 0.005 0.078 ± 0.007 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
m-Cresol 2.28 ± 0.28 2.00 ± 0.15 1.01 ± 0.09 0.022 ± 0.004 0.024 ± 0.003 0.037 ± 0.003 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
o-Cresol 2.96 ± 0.38 2.58 ± 0.21 1.38 ± 0.13 0.046 ± 0.011 0.058 ± 0.006 0.092 ± 0.010 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acetamide 5.87 ± 0.50 6.73 ± 0.27 6.28 ± 0.71 1.90 ± 0.18 2.26 ± 0.08 2.74 ± 0.14 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acrylamide 2.34 ± 0.25 2.32 ± 0.13 1.66 ± 0.21 1.08 ± 0.11 1.23 ± 0.06 1.36 ± 0.06 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene 44.4 ± 3.5 42.4 ± 1.4 72.7 ± 7.4 4.98 ± 0.90 3.98 ± 0.35 4.74 ± 0.82 [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Benzo[a]anthracene 14.2 ± 0.9 14.1 ± 1.0 21.4 ± 1.8 1.04 ± 0.19 0.98 ± 0.06 1.12 ± 0.13 [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Benzo[a]pyrene 7.21 ± 0.47 6.74 ± 0.53 11.46 ± 1.12 0.70* 0.70* 0.81* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 0.73 ± 0.07 0.75 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.13 0.068* 0.070* 0.081* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene 31.7 ± 1.0 32.7 ± 1.7 49.7 ± 1.9 0.17 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.02 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Isoprene 401 ± 14 441 ± 26 652 ± 26 1.25 ± 0.10 1.54 ± 0.12 2.10 ± 0.16 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Acrylonitrile 15.2 ± 0.6 17.0 ± 0.6 23.2 ± 0.9 0.12 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.02 0.15 ± 0.02 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Benzene 48.7 ± 1.7 53.3 ± 2.0 75.6 ± 2.3 0.40 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.02 0.50 ± 0.02 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Toluene 92.3 ± 3.4 104.0 ± 3.9 148.4 ± 6.0 1.26 ± 0.08 1.48 ± 0.11 1.82 ± 0.12 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine 17.8 ± 1.5 20.1 ± 0.7 24.6 ± 1.6 3.95 ± 0.23 5.26 ± 0.18 5.88 ± 0.18 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Quinoline 0.25 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.01 0.23* 0.0089* 0.0091* 0.0105* [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Styrene 11.5 ± 0.5 13.5 ± 0.5 18.8 ± 0.9 0.42 ± 0.02 0.45 ± 0.02 0.56 ± 0.02 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Nitrobenzene 0.21 ± 0.02 0.27 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.01 0.060 ± 0.003 0.094 ± 0.005 0.071 ± 0.005 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride 38.2 ± 2.1 43.5 ± 1.4 61.7 ± 3.0 2.55* 2.62* 3.02* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Ethylene oxide 16.2 ± 0.7 18.9 ± 0.6 26.4 ± 1.8 0.18 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01 0.29 ± 0.02 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Propylene oxide 0.73 ± 0.02 0.86 ± 0.03 1.23 ± 0.03 0.088 ± 0.003 0.109 ± 0.006 0.126 ± 0.012 [μg/item/mg nicotine]
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene 8.50 ± 0.54 9.79 ± 0.50 14.73 ± 1.17 0.048* 0.049* 0.057* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
2-Aminonaphthalene 5.34 ± 0.22 6.26 ± 0.46 11.34 ± 0.90 0.011* 0.011* 0.071* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
3-Aminobiphenyl 1.70 ± 0.08 1.99 ± 0.14 3.64 ± 0.43 0.020* 0.020* 0.023* [ng/item/mg nicotine]
4-Aminobiphenyl 1.29 ± 0.05 1.55 ± 0.09 2.90 ± 0.39 0.022 ± 0.009 0.033* 0.059 ± 0.014 [ng/item/mg nicotine]
o-Toluidine 47.9 ± 8.2 49.6 ± 4.8 55.7 ± 2.3 0.44 ± 0.18 0.81 ± 0.06 0.50 ± 0.38 [ng/item/mg nicotine]
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN 160 ± 19 146 ± 5 155 ± 12 3.36 ± 0.21 3.79 ± 0.20 4.19 ± 0.25 [ng/item/mg nicotine]
NAT 162 ± 6 148 ± 8 160 ± 12 7.75 ± 0.63 8.34 ± 0.46 8.57 ± 0.37 [ng/item/mg nicotine]
NAB 20.0 ± 0.9 17.9 ± 1.1 19.9 ± 1.2 1.18 ± 0.09 1.23 ± 0.08 1.43 ± 0.08 [ng/item/mg nicotine]
NNK 138 ± 11 145 ± 11 152 ± 12 3.78 ± 0.38 4.15 ± 0.37 4.43 ± 0.27 [ng/item/mg nicotine]

Mean relative reduction (CI95%) and threshold calculated with unvaried 3R4F conditions (ISO climatic). HPHCs (n = 7) impacted by change of reduction threshold between ISO and extreme climatic conditions.

Compound THS 2.2 and 3R4F ISO cond. (Threshold) THS 2.2 lowesta 3R4F ISO cond. (Threshold) Lowestb bound
HCN 99.4 ± 0.1% (≥99) 99.1 ± 0.2% (≥95) D
m-Cresol 99.2 ± 0.1% (≥99) 99.0 ± 0.2% (≥95) H
Toluene 99.2 ± 0.1% (≥99) 99.0 ± 0.1% (≥95) H
Acetone 95.7 ± 0.6% (≥95) 95.2 ± 0.6% (≥90) H
Acetamide 78.4 ± 2.0% (≥75) 77.16 ± 2.2% (≥70) H
Ammonia 68.1 ± 2.7% (≥65) 62.1 ± 3.1% (≥55) D
Hg 52.7 ± 4.8% (≥45) 49.2 ± 5.1% (≥40) D

HPHCs categorized by thresholds of robust reduction: THS 2.2 vs. 3R4F over all climatic conditions.

Compounds n Threshold
1-Aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, Cd, isoprene 8 ≥99
4-Aminobiphenyl, CO, crotonaldehyde, ethylene oxide, HCN, m-cresol, NNK, NNN, NAT, NO, NOx, o-toluidine, p-cresol, Pb, quinoline, resorcinol, styrene toluene, vinyl chloride 19 ≥95
Acetone, acrolein, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, hydroquinone, MEK, NAB, o-cresol, propylene oxide, pyrene 11 ≥90
As, propionaldehyde, 2 ≥85
Acetaldehyde, catechol, formaldehyde 3 ≥80
Pyridine 1 ≥75
Butyraldehyde 1 ≥70
– 0 ≥65
Acetamide 1 ≥60
Nitrobenzene 1 ≥55
Ammonia 1 ≥50
– 0 ≥45
– 0 ≥40
Acrylamide, Hg, phenol 3 <40

Mean (± SD) of compound deliveries investigated in 3R4F mainstream smoke and THS 2.2 aerosol, measured under various climatic conditions.

Item 3R4F THS 2.2 Unit
Identification 35% RH / 30 60% RH / 22 75% RH / 30 35% RH / 30 60% RH / 22 75% RH / 30
ISO parameters and product-specific constituents
Glycerol 2.28 ± 0.15 2.37 ± 0.21 2.26 ± 0.19 4.25 ± 0.20 4.68 ± 0.29 4.16 ± 0.16 [mg/item]
Nicotine 2.01 ± 0.14 1.91 ± 0.14 1.41 ± 0.14 1.46 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.04 1.24 ± 0.06 [mg/item]
NFDPM 30.9 ± 1.0 31.2 ± 1.9 38.3 ± 1.5 11.3 ± 1.1 12.2 ± 0.9 12.6 ± 1.2 [mg/item]
Carbon monoxide 26.9 ± 0.7 30.5 ± 0.9 31.7 ± 1.1 0.45 ± 0.04 0.61 ± 0.02 0.47 ± 0.02 [mg/item]
Ammonia 37.8 ± 2.9 29.2 ± 1.9 29.1 ± 2.1 12.5 ± 0.4 10.5 ± 0.4 10.8 ± 0.7 [μg/item]
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde 100.9 ± 11.8 64.9 ± 5.1 31.7 ± 1.5 4.69 ± 0.99 4.67 ± 0.44 4.12 ± 0.99 [μg/item]
Acetaldehyde 1730 ± 50 1670 ± 90 1630 ± 100 190 ± 16 212 ± 20 240 ± 28 [μg/item]
Acetone 758 ± 23 746 ± 49 707 ± 45 36.3 ± 4.8 37.2 ± 3.8 41.7 ± 5.3 [μg/item]
Acrolein 191 ± 6 186 ± 11 169 ± 13 9.22 ± 1.39 9.86 ± 1.45 13.25 ± 2.85 [μg/item]
Propionaldehyde 134 ± 3 133 ± 9 131 ± 8 12.4 ± 1.5 13.9 ± 1.5 17.3 ± 2.3 [μg/item]
Crotonaldehyde 51.9 ± 2.3 50.9 ± 3.9 47.8 ± 3.3 1.73 ± 0.23 1.81 ± 0.20 2.18 ± 0.39 [μg/item]
Methyl ethyl ketone 204 ± 6 209 ± 17 199 ± 13 7.38 ± 1.02 7.96 ± 0.97 10.01 ± 1.45 [μg/item]
Butyraldehyde 63.6 ± 2.7 62.3 ± 4.7 59.5 ± 4.3 13.0 ± 1.0 14.4 ± 1.2 15.2 ± 1.2 [μg/item]
Hydrogen cyanide 438 ± 20 475 ± 19 467 ± 25 4.74 ± 0.33 3.09 ± 0.44 3.04 ± 0.18 [μg/item]
Mercury 3.70 ± 0.22 4.44 ± 0.32 4.08 ± 0.48 2.42 ± 0.10 2.25 ± 0.06 2.41 ± 0.15 [ng/item]
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium 93.9 ± 6.6 101.7 ± 7.1 116.6 ± 6.0 0.13* 0.17* 0.20* [ng/item]
Lead 26.4* 26.9 ± 1.1 30.5 ± 1.6 0.94* 0.49* 1.17* [ng/item]
Chromium 11.9* 17.4* 17.4* 3.31* 3.31* 3.31* [ng/item]
Nickel 12.9* 18.9* 12.9* 15.9* 15.9* 15.9* [ng/item]
Arsenic 8.23 ± 0.67 8.63 ± 0.78 8.94 ± 0.38 1.24* 1.20* 1.20* [ng/item]
Selenium 4.42* 4.42* 4.42* 0.60* 0.71* 0.83* [ng/item]
Nitrogen oxides
NO 446 ± 26 489 ± 16 539 ± 56 16.3 ± 0.7 18.3 ± 1.0 18.2 ± 0.2 [μg/item]
NOx 483 ± 25 538 ± 19 601 ± 66 17.3 ± 0.7 19.5 ± 1.2 19.0 ± 0.4 [μg/item]
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene 63.6 ± 1.9 62.4 ± 3.2 70.0 ± 2.7 0.25 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.02 [μg/item]
Isoprene 804 ± 28 841 ± 50 919 ± 37 1.83 ± 0.14 2.19 ± 0.17 2.60 ± 0.20 [μg/item]
Acrylonitrile 30.6 ± 1.1 32.4 ± 1.1 32.7 ± 1.2 0.18 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.03 [μg/item]
Benzene 97.8 ± 3.4 101.8 ± 3.8 106.5 ± 3.2 0.59 ± 0.03 0.60 ± 0.03 0.61 ± 0.02 [μg/item]
Toluene 185 ± 7 198 ± 7 209 ± 8 1.85 ± 0.12 2.11 ± 0.16 2.25 ± 0.15 [μg/item]
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine 35.7 ± 3.1 38.3 ± 1.3 34.7 ± 2.2 5.76 ± 0.34 7.47 ± 0.25 7.26 ± 0.23 [μg/item]
Quinoline 0.51 ± 0.05 0.48 ± 0.03 0.32* 0.013* 0.013* 0.013* [μg/item]
Styrene 23.0 ± 1.1 25.7 ± 0.9 26.5 ± 1.3 0.62 ± 0.03 0.64 ± 0.03 0.69 ± 0.03 [μg/item]
Nitrobenzene 0.43 ± 0.03 0.52 ± 0.04 0.30 ± 0.02 0.087 ± 0.004 0.134 ± 0.008 0.087 ± 0.007 [μg/item]
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone 76.2 ± 4.3 84.1 ± 1.4 96.5 ± 2.1 5.45 ± 0.85 7.75 ± 0.55 8.67 ± 0.81 [μg/item]
Resorcinol 1.70 ± 0.08 1.87 ± 0.05 1.94 ± 0.03 0.029 ± 0.004 0.039 ± 0.004 0.056 ± 0.008 [μg/item]
Catechol 91.7 ± 6.1 89.7 ± 1.6 79.2 ± 1.4 11.7 ± 1.3 14.9 ± 0.8 15.6 ± 1.3 [μg/item]
Phenol 19.69 ± 2.67 13.94 ± 1.25 3.39 ± 0.45 1.45 ± 0.32 1.50 ± 0.17 1.86 ± 0.12 [μg/item]
p-Cresol 11.77 ± 1.44 9.80 ± 0.70 3.60 ± 0.35 0.069 ± 0.013 0.071 ± 0.008 0.096 ± 0.009 [μg/item]
m-Cresol 4.57 ± 0.55 3.81 ± 0.28 1.43 ± 0.12 0.033 ± 0.006 0.035 ± 0.004 0.046 ± 0.003 [μg/item]
o-Cresol 5.95 ± 0.77 4.91 ± 0.41 1.94 ± 0.19 0.067 ± 0.015 0.082 ± 0.009 0.114 ± 0.012 [μg/item]
Acetamide 11.80 ± 1.00 12.84 ± 0.51 8.85 ± 0.99 2.78 ± 0.26 3.21 ± 0.11 3.38 ± 0.17 [μg/item]
Acrylamide 4.69 ± 0.50 4.42 ± 0.26 2.34 ± 0.29 1.57 ± 0.15 1.75 ± 0.09 1.68 ± 0.07 [μg/item]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene 89.1 ± 7.0 80.8 ± 2.6 102.5 ± 10.5 7.27 ± 1.31 5.66 ± 0.49 5.85 ± 1.02 [ng/item]
Benzo[a]anthracene 28.5 ± 1.7 26.8 ± 1.9 30.2 ± 2.5 1.51 ± 0.28 1.39 ± 0.08 1.39 ± 0.16 [ng/item]
Benzo[a]pyrene 14.5 ± 0.9 12.9 ± 1.0 16.1 ± 1.6 1.03* 1.00* 1.00* [ng/item]
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 1.47 ± 0.14 1.43 ± 0.13 1.53 ± 0.18 0.10* 0.10* 0.10* [ng/item]
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride 76.8 ± 4.2 83.0 ± 2.7 86.9 ± 4.2 3.73* 3.73* 3.73* [ng/item]
Ethylene oxide 32.5 ± 1.4 36.0 ± 1.2 37.1 ± 2.6 0.27 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.01 0.35 ± 0.03 [μg/item]
Propylene oxide 1.47 ± 0.04 1.64 ± 0.06 1.73 ± 0.05 0.13 ± 0.00 0.15 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.02 [μg/item]
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene 17.1 ± 1.1 18.7 ± 1.0 20.8 ± 1.6 0.070* 0.070* 0.070* [ng/item]
2-Aminonaphthalene 10.7 ± 0.4 11.9 ± 0.9 16.0 ± 1.3 0.017* 0.016* 0.088* [ng/item]
3-Aminobiphenyl 3.41 ± 0.16 3.80 ± 0.27 5.13 ± 0.61 0.029* 0.029* 0.029* [ng/item]
4-Aminobiphenyl 2.58 ± 0.10 2.96 ± 0.17 4.08 ± 0.55 0.032 ± 0.013 0.047* 0.073 ± 0.018 [ng/item]
o-Toluidine 96.3 ± 16.4 94.7 ± 9.2 78.5 ± 3.3 0.65 ± 0.26 1.14 ± 0.09 0.62 ± 0.48 [ng/item]
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN 321 ± 37 279 ± 9 219 ± 17 4.91 ± 0.30 5.38 ± 0.28 5.17 ± 0.30 [ng/item]
NAT 326 ± 12 282 ± 14 226 ± 17 11.3 ± 0.9 11.8 ± 0.7 10.6 ± 0.5 [ng/item]
NAB 40.1 ± 1.9 34.2 ± 2.1 28.1 ± 1.7 1.73 ± 0.13 1.75 ± 0.11 1.77 ± 0.09 [ng/item]
NNK 278 ± 22 276 ± 21 214 ± 17 5.52 ± 0.55 5.90 ± 0.52 5.47 ± 0.33 [ng/item]

Mean (± SD) of volume-adjusted yields of compounds investigated in 3R4F mainstream smoke and THS 2.2 aerosol, measured under various climatic conditions.

Item 3R4F THS 2.2 Unit
Identification 35% RH / 30 60% RH / 22 75% RH / 30 35% RH / 30 60% RH / 22 75% RH / 30
ISO parameters and product-specific constituents
Glycerol 4.56 ± 0.38 4.13 ± 0.38 3.17 ± 0.21 6.43 ± 0.30 7.09 ± 0.44 6.30 ± 0.25 [μg/mL]
Nicotine 4.02 ± 0.31 3.32 ± 0.25 1.97 ± 0.15 2.21 ± 0.06 2.15 ± 0.07 1.87 ± 0.09 [μg/mL]
NFDPM 61.8 ± 2.4 54.3 ± 2.2 53.8 ± 3.9 17.1 ± 1.7 18.5 ± 1.4 19.1 ± 1.9 [μg/mL]
Carbon monoxide 53.8 ± 2.7 53.0 ± 0.8 44.4 ± 2.0 0.69 ± 0.06 0.93 ± 0.02 0.71 ± 0.03 [μg/mL]
Ammonia 71.2 ± 4.7 49.9 ± 3.2 38.8 ± 2.9 18.9 ± 0.6 15.9 ± 0.6 16.3 ± 1.0 [ng/mL]
Carbonyls
Formaldehyde 207.6 ± 25.8 114.1 ± 9.5 50.7 ± 3.9 7.10 ± 1.50 7.08 ± 0.67 6.25 ± 1.49 [ng/mL]
Acetaldehyde 3560 ± 200 2930 ± 110 2600 ± 150 287 ± 24 321 ± 30 363 ± 42 [ng/mL]
Acetone 1560 ± 100 1310 ± 60 1130 ± 70 55.1 ± 7.3 56.4 ± 5.8 63.2 ± 8.1 [ng/mL]
Acrolein 393 ± 19 327 ± 18 270 ± 18 14.0 ± 2.1 14.9 ± 2.2 20.1 ± 4.3 [ng/mL]
Propionaldehyde 277 ± 19 233 ± 11 209 ± 13 18.7 ± 2.2 21.1 ± 2.2 26.2 ± 3.4 [ng/mL]
Crotonaldehyde 106.8 ± 6.4 89.4 ± 5.5 76.2 ± 5.6 2.63 ± 0.35 2.74 ± 0.30 3.31 ± 0.59 [ng/mL]
Methyl ethyl ketone 420 ± 22 367 ± 22 317 ± 21 11.2 ± 1.5 12.1 ± 1.5 15.2 ± 2.2 [ng/mL]
Butyraldehyde 130.8 ± 7.8 109.3 ± 5.5 95.0 ± 6.7 19.7 ± 1.4 21.8 ± 1.8 23.0 ± 1.8 [ng/mL]
Hydrogen cyanide 998 ± 255 807 ± 67 720 ± 28 7.18 ± 0.51 4.68 ± 0.67 4.61 ± 0.27 [ng/mL]
Mercury 6.40 ± 0.46 7.23 ± 0.77 5.89 ± 0.71 3.67 ± 0.16 3.41 ± 0.09 3.65 ± 0.23 [pg/mL]
Trace metals (except mercury)
Cadmium 182 ± 14 176 ± 13 176 ± 11 0.19* 0.25* 0.31* [pg/mL]
Lead 51.0* 43.5 ± 8.5 46.0 ± 2.5 1.43* 0.74* 1.77* [pg/mL]
Chromium 23.0* 30.2* 26.1* 5.02* 5.02* 5.02* [pg/mL]
Nickel 25.0* 32.8* 19.5* 24.1* 24.1* 24.1* [pg/mL]
Arsenic 15.9 ± 1.2 14.9 ± 1.4 13.5 ± 0.6 1.87* 1.82* 1.82* [pg/mL]
Selenium 8.55* 7.64* 6.67* 0.91* 1.08* 1.26* [pg/mL]
Nitrogen oxides
NO 814 ± 60 820 ± 39 752 ± 64 24.7 ± 1.0 27.7 ± 1.5 27.6 ± 0.3 [ng/mL]
NOx 882 ± 59 901 ± 42 839 ± 77 26.2 ± 1.0 29.6 ± 1.8 28.9 ± 0.5 [ng/mL]
Phenols and acid derivatives
Hydroquinone 156 ± 8 147 ± 3 163 ± 4 8.25 ± 1.29 11.75 ± 0.84 13.14 ± 1.22 [ng/mL]
Resorcinol 3.48 ± 0.21 3.28 ± 0.09 3.26 ± 0.03 0.044 ± 0.006 0.058 ± 0.005 0.086 ± 0.012 [ng/mL]
Catechol 188 ± 12 157 ± 4 133 ± 3 17.8 ± 1.9 22.6 ± 1.2 23.6 ± 1.9 [ng/mL]
Phenol 40.25 ± 5.03 24.41 ± 2.41 5.73 ± 0.89 2.20 ± 0.49 2.28 ± 0.27 2.82 ± 0.18 [ng/mL]
p-cresol 24.06 ± 2.73 17.15 ± 1.38 6.07 ± 0.75 0.10 ± 0.02 0.11 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.01 [ng/mL]
m-Cresol 9.35 ± 1.04 6.67 ± 0.55 2.41 ± 0.26 0.050 ± 0.010 0.053 ± 0.006 0.070 ± 0.005 [ng/mL]
o-Cresol 12.17 ± 1.46 8.61 ± 0.79 3.28 ± 0.40 0.10 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.02 [ng/mL]
Acetamide 24.1 ± 2.0 22.5 ± 1.1 14.9 ± 2.0 4.21 ± 0.39 4.86 ± 0.17 5.13 ± 0.25 [ng/mL]
Acrylamide 9.60 ± 0.94 7.74 ± 0.49 3.95 ± 0.58 2.38 ± 0.23 2.65 ± 0.14 2.55 ± 0.11 [ng/mL]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Pyrene 161 ± 8 139 ± 7 148 ± 15 11.02 ± 1.98 8.57 ± 0.75 8.87 ± 1.54 [pg/mL]
Benzo[a]anthracene 51.6 ± 1.4 46.0 ± 4.1 43.6 ± 3.7 2.29 ± 0.42 2.11 ± 0.12 2.10 ± 0.25 [pg/mL]
Benzo[a]pyrene 26.2 ± 1.0 22.1 ± 2.2 23.3 ± 2.3 1.55* 1.52* 1.52* [pg/mL]
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 2.66 ± 0.19 2.45 ± 0.26 2.20 ± 0.26 0.15* 0.15* 0.15* [pg/mL]
Volatiles
1,3-Butadiene 134 ± 4 109 ± 4 111 ± 4 0.38 ± 0.02 0.42 ± 0.04 0.48 ± 0.03 [ng/mL]
Isoprene 1690 ± 60 1470 ± 80 1450 ± 20 2.78 ± 0.22 3.32 ± 0.26 3.93 ± 0.31 [ng/mL]
Acrylonitrile 64.3 ± 1.6 56.8 ± 1.5 51.7 ± 2.6 0.27 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.04 [ng/mL]
Benzene 206 ± 6 178 ± 5 169 ± 8 0.90 ± 0.04 0.91 ± 0.05 0.93 ± 0.04 [ng/mL]
Toluene 390 ± 13 347 ± 7 331 ± 20 2.80 ± 0.18 3.20 ± 0.24 3.41 ± 0.22 [ng/mL]
Semi-volatiles
Pyridine 74.9 ± 3.6 67.1 ± 1.5 54.9 ± 4.7 8.73 ± 0.51 11.32 ± 0.38 11.01 ± 0.34 [ng/mL]
Quinoline 1.07 ± 0.08 0.83 ± 0.03 0.50* 0.020* 0.020* 0.020* [ng/mL]
Styrene 48.4 ± 2.0 45.0 ± 1.2 42.0 ± 2.8 0.94 ± 0.05 0.97 ± 0.04 1.05 ± 0.05 [ng/mL]
Nitrobenzene 0.90 ± 0.10 0.90 ± 0.08 0.37 ± 0.02 0.13 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.01 [ng/mL]
Epoxides and vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride 156 ± 9 142 ± 4 128 ± 6 5.65* 5.65* 5.65* [pg/mL]
Ethylene oxide 66.2 ± 3.2 61.6 ± 1.8 54.7 ± 3.1 0.41 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02 0.54 ± 0.04 [ng/mL]
Propylene oxide 3.35 ± 0.08 2.82 ± 0.06 2.64 ± 0.16 0.20 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.02 [ng/mL]
Aromatic amines
1-Aminonaphthalene 34.7 ± 2.1 31.6 ± 1.6 29.6 ± 2.5 0.11* 0.11* 0.11* [pg/mL]
2-Aminonaphthalene 21.8 ± 0.9 20.2 ± 1.5 22.7 ± 1.5 0.025* 0.024* 0.133* [pg/mL]
3-Aminobiphenyl 6.94 ± 0.36 6.44 ± 0.45 7.29 ± 0.72 0.044* 0.044* 0.044* [pg/mL]
4-Aminobiphenyl 5.26 ± 0.18 5.02 ± 0.28 5.80 ± 0.67 0.048 ± 0.020 0.071* 0.111 ± 0.027 [pg/mL]
o-Toluidine 196 ± 34 160 ± 17 112 ± 5 0.98 ± 0.39 1.73 ± 0.14 0.94 ± 0.72 [pg/mL]
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN 635 ± 74 479 ± 24 363 ± 29 7.44 ± 0.46 8.15 ± 0.43 7.84 ± 0.46 [pg/mL]
NAT 645 ± 27 484 ± 32 375 ± 30 17.1 ± 1.4 18.0 ± 1.0 16.1 ± 0.7 [pg/mL]
NAB 79.3 ± 2.9 58.6 ± 4.5 46.5 ± 3.0 2.62 ± 0.19 2.65 ± 0.16 2.68 ± 0.14 [pg/mL]
NNK 550 ± 44 474 ± 45 355 ± 29 8.36 ± 0.84 8.94 ± 0.79 8.29 ± 0.50 [pg/mL]

Mean differences (CI95%) of volume-adjusted yields in “Hot and Very Humid” relative to ISO climatic conditions.

Compound 3R4F (%) THS 2.2 (%)
Acetaldehyde −11 ± 7 14 ± 15 a
Acetamide −33 ± 9 6 ± 8 a
Acrylamide −49 ± 10 −4 ± 9 a
Ammonia −22 ± 9 3 ± 7 a
Butyraldehyde −13 ± 8 6 ± 11 a
Ethylene oxide −11 ± 6 33 ± 11
Formaldehyde −55 ± 15 −11 ± 24 a
Hg −18 ± 11 7 ± 7.1 a
MEK −13 ± 8 27 ± 23
NAB −21 ± 7 1 ± 9 a
Nitrobenzene −59 ± 9 −35 ± 6
o-Cresol −62 ± 12 40 ± 26
p-Cresol −65 ± 11 35 ± 23
Phenol −76 ± 14 25 ± 23
Pyridine −18 ± 7 −3 ± 5 a

HPHCs categorized by thresholds of robust reduction: THS 2.2 over all climatic conditions vs. 3R4F ISO climatic conditions.

Compounds n Threshold
1-Aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, Cd, ethylene oxide, isoprene, p-cresol 10 ≥99
4-Aminobiphenyl, CO, crotonaldehyde, HCN, MEK, m-cresol, NAB, NNK, NNN, NAT, NO, NOx, o-cresol, o-toluidine, Pb, quinoline, resorcinol, styrene, toluene, vinyl chloride 20 ≥95
Acetone, acrolein, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, formaldehyde, hydroquinone, propylene oxide, pyrene 9 ≥90
As, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, phenol 4 ≥85
Catechol, pyridine 2 ≥80
Butyraldehyde, nitrobenzene 2 ≥75
Acetamide 1 ≥70
– 0 ≥65
Acrylamide 1 ≥60
Ammonia 1 ≥55
– 0 ≥50
– 0 ≥45
Hg 1 ≥40

Ambient conditions representing the climatic zones considered for the study.

Conditions (abbreviation) Temperature (°C) Relative humidity (% RH)
ISOa (S) 22 ± 2 60 ± 5
Hot and Very Humid (H) 30 ± 2 75 ± 5
Hot and Dry (D) 30 ± 2 35 ± 5

Puff count for 3R4F as function of climatic conditions.

Conditions (abbreviation) Puff number mean ± SD (n)
ISO (S) 10.58 ± 0.40 (83)
Hot and Very Humid (H) 12.26 ± 1.09 (83)
Hot and Dry (D) 9.18 ± 0.62 (84)
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