[1. Brooks, J. E.: The Mighty Leaf. Tobacco through the centuries; Alvin Redman, London and Sydney, 1953.]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Rodgman, A.: Some Studies of the Effects of Additives on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties. II. Casing Materials and Humectants; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 279–299.]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Fisher, P.: Cigarette manufacture, 11A, Tobacco blending; in: Tobacco Production, Chemistry and Technology, edited by D. L. Davis and M. T. Nielsen, Blackwell Science Inc., Malden, MA., 1999, pp. 346–352.]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Fagerson, I. S.: Thermal degradation of carbohydrates. A review; J. Agric. Food Chem. 17 (1969) 747–750.10.1021/jf60164a019]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Phillpotts, D. F., D. Spincer, and D. T. Westcott: The Effect of the Natural Sugar Content of Tobacco Upon the Acetaldehyde Concentration Found in Cigarette Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 8 (1975) 7–10.]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Coleman III, W. M. and T. A. Perfetti: The Roles of Amino Acids and Sugars in the Production of Volatile Materials in Microwave Heated Tobacco Dust Suspensions; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 17 (1997) 75–95.]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Seeman, J. I., M. Dixon, and H. J. Haussmann: Acetaldehyde in Mainstream Tobacco Smoke: Formation and Occurrence in Smoke and Bioavailability in the Smoker; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15 (2002) 1331– 1350.]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Rustemeier, K., R. Stabbert, H. -J. Haussmann, E. Roemer, and E. Carmines:. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 93–104.]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Sanders, E. B., A. I. Goldsmith, and J. I. Seeman: A model that distinguishes the pyrolysis of D-Glucose, D-Fructose, and sucrose from that of cellulose. Application to the understanding of cigarette smoke formation; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 66 (2003) 29–50.]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Seeman, J. I., S. W. Laffoon, and A. J. Kassman: Evalu-ation of Relationships Between Mainstream Smoke Acetaldehyde and “Ttar” and Carbon Monoxide Yields in Tobacco Smoke and Reducing Sugars in Tobacco Published by Intorp et al. in this issue on page 139. Blends of U. S. Commercial Cigarettes; Inhal. Toxicol. 15 (2003) 373-395.]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Baker, R. R. and L. J. Bishop: The pyrolysis of tobacco ingredients; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 71 (2004) 223-311.10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00090-1]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Baker, R. R., S. Coburn, C. Liu, and J. Tetteh: The pyrolysis of saccharide tobacco ingredients: a TGA-FTIR investigation; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 74 (2005) 171-180.]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Baker, R. R., J. R. Pereira da Silva, and G. Smith: The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: Flavourings and additives; Food Chem. Toxicol. 42S1 (2004) 3-37.]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Baker, R. R.: The generation of formaldehyde in cigarettes - Overview and recent experiments; Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 (2006) 1799-1822.]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Baker, R. R., S. Coburn, and C. Liu: The pyrolytic formation of formaldehyde from sugars and tobacco; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 77 (2006) 12-21.]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Sato, S., T. Ohka, M. Nagao, K. Tsuji, and T. Kosuge: Reduction in mutagenicity of cigarette smoke conden-sate by added sugars; Mutat. Res. 60 (1979) 155-161.]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Heck, J. D., CL. Gaworski, N. Rajendran, and R. L. Morrissey: Toxicologic evaluation of humectants added to cigarette tobacco: 13-week smoke inhalation study of glycerin and propylene glycol in Fischer 344 rats; Inhal. Toxicol. 14 (2002) 1135-52.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Roemer, E., FJ. Tewes, TJ. Meisgen, D. J. Veltel, and E. Carmines: Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 105-111.]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Vanscheeuwijck, P. M., A. Teredesai, P. M. Terpstra, J. Verbeeck, P. Kuhl, B. Gerstenberg, S. Gebel, and E. Carmines: Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicity; Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (2002) 113-131.]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Baker, R. R., E. D. Massey, and G. Smith: An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity; Food Chem. Toxicol. 42S (2004) S53-S83.10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.00115072838]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Renne, R. A., H. Yoshimura, K. Yoshino, G. Lulham, S. Minamisawa, A. Tribukait, D. D. Dietz, K. M. Lee, and R. B. Westerberg: Effects of Flavoring and Casing Ingredients on the Toxicity of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke in Rats; Inhal Toxicol. 18 (2006) 685-706.]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Stavanja, M. S., P. H Ayres, D. R. Meckley, E. R. Bom-bick, M. F. Borgerding, M. J. Morton, CD. Garner, D. H. Pence, and J. E. Swauger: Safety assessment of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as an ingredient added to cigarette tobacco; Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 57 (2006) 267-281.]Search in Google Scholar
[23. ISO, International Organization for Standardization: ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. Geneva, ISO (2000).]Search in Google Scholar
[24. ISO, International Organization for Standardization: ISO 3308:2000, Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine - Definitions and standard conditions. Geneva, ISO (2000).]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Health Canada: Health Canada Tobacco Reporting Regulations Part 3, Emissions from designated tobacco products. Canada Gazette, Part II, 134 (2000) (15, Part 3). Test methodologies with their designated test numbers have been posted by Health Canada in the internet at the site http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/legislation/reg/indust/method/index-eng.php. (Accessed Sep. 25, 2010).]Search in Google Scholar
[26. CPSC, U. S. Consumer Products Safety Commission in Consultation with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Toxicity Testing Plan 5. DHHS, Washington, DC 20207 (1993) pp D1-D38.]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Bundesgesetzblatt, Deutschland (Federal Register, Germany): Grundsätze der Guten Laborpraxis (GLP), Neufassung des Chemikaliengesetzes vom 20. Juni 2002 (Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), revised version of the Chemical Acts of 20 June 2002). Bundesgesetzblatt I 40 (2002) pp. 2090-2130.]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Babich, H. and E. Borenfreund: Cytotoxic and mor-phological effects of phenylpropanolamine, caffeine, nicotine, and some of their metabolites studied In Vitro; Toxicol. In Vitro 6 (1992) 493-502.]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Borenfreund, E. and J. A. Puerner: Toxicity determined in vitro by morphological alterations and neutral red absorption; Toxicol. Lett. 24 (1985) 119-124.]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Maron, D. M. and B. N. Ames: Reviewed methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test; Mutat. Res. 113 (1983) 173-215.]Search in Google Scholar
[31. OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1997. Guideline 471, bacterial reverse mutation test. In: OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. OECD, Paris, France.]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Guzelian, P. S., M. S. Victoroff, N. C Halmes, R. C. James, and CP. Guzelian: Evidence-based toxicology: a comprehensive framework for causation; Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 24 (2005) 161-201.]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Hoffmann, S. and T. Hartung: Towards an evidence based toxicology; Human Exp. Toxicol. 25 (2006) 497-513.10.1191/0960327106het648oa17017003]Search in Google Scholar
[34. European Community: Directive 2001/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 5 June 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States con-cerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products. Accessible at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:194:0026:0034:EN:PDF (Accessed Sep. 25, 2010).]Search in Google Scholar
[35. DIN, Deutsches Institut für Normung: The Toxicologi-cal Evaluation of Additives for Tobacco Products - A Guide, 1st Edition, Technical Report 133. Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 2004.]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Rabinoff, M., N. Caskey, A. Rissling, and C. Park: Pharmacological and Chemical Effects of Cigarette Additives; Am. J. Public Health 97 (2007) 1981-1991.]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Craig, W. J. and T. T. Nguyen: Caffeine and Theobro-mine Levels in Cocoa and Carob Products; J. Food Sci. 49 (1984) 302-303.]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Stavric, B.: Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 3. Theobromine, paraxanthine and the combined effects of methylxanthines; Food Chem. Toxicol. 26 (1988) 725-733.]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Rossner, S.: Chocolate and nutrition - divine food, fattening junk or nutritious supplementation; Manu-fact. Confectioner 79 (1999) 57-60.]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Bates, C, M. Jarvis, and G. Connolly, 1999: Tobacco additives. Cigarette engineering and nicotine addiction. Action on Smoking and Health.]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Rambali, B., I. van Andel, E. Schenk, G. Wolterink, G. van de Werken, H. Stevenson, and W. Vleeming: RIVM report 650270002/2002, The contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction; RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands, 2003.]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Simons, F. E. R, A. B. Becker, K. J. Simons, and CA. Gillespie: The bronchodilator effect and pharmaco-kinetics of theobromine in young patients with asthma; J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 76 (1985) 703-707.]Search in Google Scholar
[43. IARC, International agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 51. Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methylglyoxal; IARC, Lyon, France, 1991, pp. 421-441.]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Greger, G.: Testing of lung function after theophylline inhalation (author's transl.); Z. Erkr. Atmungsorgane 157 (1981) 270-275.]Search in Google Scholar
[45. IITRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute: Chemical analysis of mainstream smoke from cigarettes containing target levels of 0, 10,000, 20,000 or 40,000 ppm of cocoa. Final Report, IITRI Project Number 8739-117-002; IITRI, Chicago, 2003.]Search in Google Scholar
[46. IITRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute: Cytotoxicity assay (neutral red uptake) of smoke fractions from cigarettes containing target levels of 0, 10,000, 20,000 or 40,000 ppm of cocoa. Final Report, IITRI Project Number 8739-117-004; IITRI, Chicago, 2003.]Search in Google Scholar
[47. IITRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute: In vitro mutagenicity of mainstream smoke from cigarettes containing target levels of 10,000, 20,000 or 40,000 ppm cocoa in Salmonella/microsome assay. Final Report, IITRI Project Number 8739-117-003; IITRI, Chicago, 2003.]Search in Google Scholar
[48. IITRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute: 90-day rat inhalation toxicity study of the mainstream smoke from cigarettes containing target levels of 0, 10,000, 20,000 or 40,000 ppm of cocoa. Volumes I to III. Final Report, IITRI Project Number 8739-117-001; IITRI, Chicago, 2006.]Search in Google Scholar
[49. NCI, National Cancer Institute: Smoking and Health Program, Report No. 3, Towards less hazardous cigarettes: the third set of cigarettes, G. B. Gori, Editor. DHEW, Washington, 1977.]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Roemer, E. and U. Hackenberg: Mouse skin bioassay of smoke condensates from cigarettes containing different levels of cocoa; Food Addit. Contam. 7 (1990) 563-569.]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Gaworski, CL., J. D. Heck, M. B. Bennett, and M. L. Wenk: Toxicologic evaluation of flavor ingredients added to cigarette tobacco: skin painting bioassay of cigarette smoke condensate in SENCAR mice; Toxi-cology 139 (1999) 1-17.]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Lee, P. N, B. A. Forey, J. S. Fry, J. S. Hamling, J. F. Hamling, E. B. Sanders, and R. A. Carchman: Does use of flue-cured rather than blended cigarettes affect international variation in mortality from lung cancer and COPD?; Inhal. Toxicol. 21 (2009) 404-30.]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Hine C. H., H. H. Anderson, H. D. Moon, M. K. Dunlap, and M. S. Morse: Comparative toxicity of synthetic and natural glycerin; Arch Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 7 (1953) 282-291.]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Doolittle, D. J., D. A. Lee, and CK. Lee: The genotoxic activity of glycerol in an in vitro test battery; Food Chem. Toxicol. 26 (1988) 631-635.]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Renne, R. A.: 2-Week and 13-Week Inhalation Studies of Aerosolized Glycerol in Rats; Inhal. Toxicol. 4 (1992) 95-111.]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Mauderly, J. L.: Respiration of F-344 rats in nose-only inhalation exposure tubes; J. Appl. Toxicol. 6 (1986) 25-30.]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Laurene, A. H., R. H. Cundiff, and G. H. Greene: De-termination of glycerol and propylene glycol in cigarette smoke; Tob. Sci. 9 (1965) 1-4.]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Liu, C: Glycerol Transfer in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21 (2004) 111-116.]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Carmines, E. L. and CL. Gaworski: Toxicological evaluation of glycerin as a cigarette ingredient; Food Chem. Toxicol. 43 (2005) 1521-1539.]Search in Google Scholar
[60. IITRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute: 90-day rat inhalation toxicity study of the mainstream smoke from cigarettes containing target levels of 0, 50,000, 100,000 or 150,000 ppm of glycerin. Volumes I to III. Final Report, IITRI Project Number 8739-114-001, Chicago, 2004.]Search in Google Scholar
[61. NIOSH, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149, NIOSH, Atlanta 2005.]Search in Google Scholar
[62. ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: TLVs® and BEIs®: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents, ACGIH, Cincinnati 2002.]Search in Google Scholar
[63. MAK Kommission (Commission for maximum concentration at the workplace): Gesundheitsschäd-liche Arbeitsstoffe, Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründungen von MAK-Werten, Mitteilung 1-44, Formaldehyd, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000.]Search in Google Scholar
[64. IARC, International Agency on Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evalauation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 88, Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxy-ethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, IARC, Lyon, 2006.]Search in Google Scholar
[65. G. Jaccard, Philip Morris International, R&D, Market Map Study on 202 cigarette brands from 10 countries, 2008, Internal Report, not published.]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Scherer, G., J. Engl, M. Urban, G. Gilch, D. Janket, and K. Riedel, K.: Relationship between machine-derived smoke yields and biomarkers in cigarette smokers in Germany; Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 47 (2007) 171-183.]Search in Google Scholar
[67. OSHA, Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Occupational Safety and Health Standard 1919. 1048, Formaldehyde, OSHA, Washington, 2008.]Search in Google Scholar
[68. CIIT, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology: Formaldehyde: Hazard Characterization and Dose-response Assessment for Carcinogenicity by the Route of Inhalation (revised edition); CIIT, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.]Search in Google Scholar
[69. Conolly R. B., J. S. Kimbell, D. Janszen, P. M. Schlosser, D. Kalisak, J. Preston, and F. J. Miller: Human Respiratory Tract Cancer Risks of Inhaled Formaldehyde: Dose-response Predictions Derived from Biologically-motivated Computational Modeling of a Combined Rodent and Human Dataset; Toxicol. Sci. 82 (2004) 279–296.]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Crump K. S., C. Chen, J. F. Fox, C. Van Landingham C, and R. Subramaniam: Sensitivity Analysis of Biolo-gically Motivated Model for Formaldehyde-induced Respiratory Cancer in Humans; Ann. Occup. Hyg. 52 (2008) 481–495.]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Schulte, A., U. Bernauer, S. Madle, H. Mielke, U. Herbst, H. -B. Richter-Reichhelm, K. -E. Appel, and U. Gundert-Remy: Assessment of the Carcinogenicity of Formaldehyde [CAS No. 50-00-0]. Bericht zur Bewer-tung der Karzinogenität von Formaldehyd, Bundes-institut fuer Risikobewertung, Berlin. 2006.]Search in Google Scholar
[72. IITRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute: Cytotoxicity assay (neutral red uptake) of smoke fractions from cigarettes containing target levels of 0, 36,000, 72,000 or 100,000 ppm of sucrose. Final Report, IITRI Project Number 8739-106-004, Chicago, 2002.]Search in Google Scholar
[73. IITRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute: 90-day rat inhalation toxicity study of the mainstream smoke from cigarettes containing target levels of 0, 36,000, 72,000 or 100,000 ppm of sucrose. Final Report, IITRI Project Number 8739-106-001, Chicago, 2003.]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Gaworski, CL., M. M. Dozier, J. D. Heck, J. M. Ger-hart, N. Rajendran, R. M. David, L. H. Brennecke, and R. Morrissey: Toxicologic evaluation of flavor ingre-dients added to cigarette tobacco: 13 week inhalation exposures in rats; Inhal. Toxicol. 10 (1998) 357-381.]Search in Google Scholar
[75. European Community: Directive 2001/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 5 June 2001on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States con-cerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products. Accessible at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L: 2001:194:0026:0034:EN:PDF (Accessed Sep. 25, 2010).]Search in Google Scholar
