[1. Ohlemiller, T.J.: Modeling of smoldering combustion propagation; Prog. Energy Combustion Sci. 11 (1985) 277–310.10.1016/0360-1285(85)90004-8]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Summerfield, M, T.J. Ohlemiller, and H.W. Sandusky: A thermophysical mathematical model of steady-draw smoking and predictions of overall cigarette behavior; Combust. Flame 33 (1973) 263–279.]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Norbury, J. and A.M. Stuart: A model for porous-medium combustion; Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 42 (1989) 159–178.10.1093/qjmam/42.1.159]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Kansa, E.J., H.E. Perlee, and R.F. Chaiken: Mathemat-ical model of wood pyrolysis including internal forced convection; Combust. Flame 29 (1977) 311–324.]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Leach, S.V., G. Rein, J.L. Ellzey, O.A. Ezekoye, and J.L. Torero: Kinetic and fuel property effects on forward smoldering; Combust. Flame 120 (2000) 346–358.]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Muramatsu, M., S. Umemura, and T. Okada: A mathe-matical model of evaporation-pyrolysis processes inside a naturally smoldering cigarette; Combust. Flame 36 (1979) 245–262.]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Sandusky, H.W.: A computer-simulated cigarette model for use in the development of less hazardous cigarette; Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 1976.]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Di Blasi, C.: Modeling and simulation of combustion processes of charring and non- charring solid fuels; Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 19 (1993) 71–104]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Yi, S., E. Song, and M.R. Hajaligol: Mathematical model of smoldering combustion in a carbonaceous porous medium, Part 1– development of pyrolysis and combustion models for a cylindrical geometry; Fire Sci. 19 (2001) 429–448.]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Rostami, A., J. Murthy and M.R. Hajaligol: Modeling of a smoldering cigarette; J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 66 (2003) 281–301.10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00117-1]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Rostami, A., J. Murthy, and M.R. Hajaligol: Modeling of the smoldering process in a porous biomass fuel rod; Fuel 83 (2004) 1527–1536.]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Rostami, A., J. Murthy, and M.R. Hajaligol: Modeling of a smoldering carbonaceous rod; Am. Chem. Soc. meeting; Fuel Division, Orlando, FL, April 2002.]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Baker, R.R.: The effect of ventilation on cigarette combustion mechanisms; Rec. Adv. Tob. Res. 10 (1984) 88–150.]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Baker, R.R. and R.A. Crellin: Diffusion of carbon monoxide out of cigarettes; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 9 (1977) 131–140.]Search in Google Scholar
[15. DeLucia, M.L., C.F. Mattina, and W.A. Selke: Physi-cal parameters that affect composition of smoke; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 6 (1980) 225–238.]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Masuo, Y., Y. Suga, M. Shibata, A. Terahara, M. Hatakeyama, K. Takeda, N. Yasumatsu, M. Yamazaki, T. Akaki, R. Watanabe, and H. Tanaka: Effect of the degree of perforation of cigarette paper and tipping paper on the performance of filter cigarettes; Part 10, Effect of the components and vented cigarettes on the delivery of smoke constituents and smoking quality; Sci. Papers Cent. Res. Inst. Japan Tobacco & Salt Monop. Corp. 123 (1981) 79–89.]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Owen, W.F. Jr.: Effect of cigarette paper on smoke yield and composition; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 4 (1978) 3–24.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Terahara, A., M. Hatakeyama, K. Maeda, K. Takeda, T. Sawaguri, F. Kondo, Y. Ikuta, and K. Noguchi.: Effect of the degree of perforation of cigarette paper and tipping paper on the performance of filter ciga-rettes, Part 7, On the pressure drop, ventilation rate, delivery of smoke constituents and the reduction of vapor phase components; Sci. Papers Cent. Res. Inst. Japan Tobacco & Salt Monop. Corp. 122 (1980) 103–113.]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Norman, V.: The effect of perforated tipping paper on the yield of various smoke components; Beitr. Tabak-forsch 7 (1974) 282–287.]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Masuo, Y., N. Yasumatsu, M. Shibata, and H. Tomita: Effect of the degree of perforation of cigarette paper and tipping paper on the performance of filter ciga-rettes, Part 11. On the relationship between burning characteristics and delivery of smoke constituents; Sci. Papers Cent. Res. Inst. Japan Tobacco & Salt Monop. Corp. 123 (1981) 91–100.]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Baker, R.R.: Gas velocities inside a burning cigarette; Nature 264 (1976) 167–169.]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Schneider, W., A. Wenger, D. Hoffmann, and T.C. Tso; The effects of the properties of materials in a cigarette on filter ventilation; Beitr. Tabakfosch. Int. 12 (1984) 123–136.]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Dullien, F.A.L.: Porous media fluid transport and pore structure; Elsevier Science (USA), 2nd Ed., 1992, pp. 237–240.10.1016/B978-0-12-223651-8.50009-2]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Warsi, Z.U.A.: Fluid dynamics, theoretical and computational approaches; CRC press, USA, 2nd Ed., 1999, 58–59.]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Doormal, V. and G.D. Raithby: Enhancements of the SIMPLEC method for predicting incompressible fluid flow; Numer. Heat Transfer 7 (1984) 147–163.]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Ferziger, J.H. and M. Peric; Computational methods for fluid dynamics, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999, pp. 74–75.10.1007/978-3-642-98037-4]Search in Google Scholar
[27. FLUENT 6.0 UDF Manual, Fluent Inc., Lebanon, NH, Nov. 29, 2001.]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Baker, R.R.: The kinetics of tobacco pyrolysis; Thermochim. Acta 17 (1976) 29–63.10.1016/0040-6031(76)80043-3]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Guan, K.: Natural smoldering in cigarettes; Combust. Flame 10 (1966) 161–164.10.1016/0010-2180(66)90063-0]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Muramatsu, M., S. Umemura, and Okada, T.: Con-sumption of oxygen and heat evolved during natural smolder of a cigarette; J. Chem. Soc. Japan, Chem. Ind. Chem. 10 (1978) 1441–1448.]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Muramatsu, M.: Studies on the transport phenomena in naturally smoldering cigarettes; Sci. Papers Cent. Res. Inst. Japan Tobacco & Salt Monop. Corp. 123 (1981) 9–77.]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Parrish, M.E., C.N. Harward, and G. Vilcins: Simulta-neous monitoring of filter ventilation and a gaseous component in whole cigarette smoke using tunable diode laser infrared spectroscopy; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 13 (1986) 169–181.]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Baker, R.R.: Temperature variation within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoking cycle; High Temp. Sci. 7 (1975) 236–247.]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Ishizu, Y., K. Ohta, and T. Okada: Changes in the particle size and concentration of cigarette smoke through the column of a cigarette; J. Aerosol Sci. 9 (1978) 25–29.]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Keith, C.H.: Physical mechanisms of smoke filtration; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 4 (1978) 25–45.]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Morrie, G.P. Selective filtration of tobacco smoke components: Proceedings 173rd Am. Chem. Soc. Symp., Recent advances in the chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke, 1977, pp. 553–583.]Search in Google Scholar
