Open Access

A Review of the Incidence and Consequences of Cigarette Filter Vent Blocking Among Smokers

 and    | Dec 30, 2014

Cite

1. Ayya, N, D. Hilton, F.K. St. Charles, N. Reeves, and M. Dixon: Measurement of puffing behavior in lights and ultra light smokers with ventilation holes partially and fully blocked; Paper presented at 51st Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Winston-Salem, NC, U.S.A, Program Booklet and Abstracts, no. 14, p. 31, 1997.Search in Google Scholar

2. Baker, R.R. and R.A. Crellin: The diffusion of carbon monoxide out of cigarettes; Beitr. Tabak-forsch. Int. 9 (1977) 131-140.Search in Google Scholar

3. Baker, R.R.: The effect of ventilation on cigarette combustion mechanisms; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 10 (1984) 88-150.Search in Google Scholar

4. Baker, R.R.: The viscous and inertial Iow of air through perforated papers; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 14 (1989) 253-260.Search in Google Scholar

5. Baker, R.R. and L.S. Lewis: Filter ventilation - has there been a “cover-up”?; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 23 (1997) 152-196.Search in Google Scholar

6. Baker, R.R, M. Dixon, and CA. Hill: The incidence and consequences of filter vent blocking amongst British smokers; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 18 (1998) 71-83.Search in Google Scholar

7. Barkemeyer, H, W. Schulz, and F. Seehofer, British American Tobacco, Germany, unpublished results, 1984.Search in Google Scholar

8. Comer, A.K. and D.E. Creighton: The effect of experimental conditions on smoking behaviour; in: Smoking behaviour: physiological and psychological influences, edited by R.E. Thornton, Churchill Livingstone, London, 1978, pp. 76-88.Search in Google Scholar

9. Creighton, D.E, M.J. Nobel, and R.T. Whewell: Instruments to measure, record and duplicate human smoking patterns; m: Smoking behaviour: physiological and psychological influences, edited by R.E. Thornton, Churchill Livingstone, London, 1978, pp. 277-288.Search in Google Scholar

10. Darrall, K.G.: Smoking machinę parameters and cigarette smoke yields; Sci. Total Env. 74 (1988) 263-278.Search in Google Scholar

11. Djordjevic, M.V, S.D. Stellman, and E. Zang: Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers; J. Natl. Canc. Inst. 92 (2000) 106-111.Search in Google Scholar

12. Dwyer, R.W. and S.G. Abel: The efficiencies of cellulose acetate filters; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 13 (1986) 243-253.Search in Google Scholar

13. Dwyer, R.W, K.A. Cox, and J.E. Bickett: Sources of pressure-drop and ventilation variability in cigarettes; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 13 (1986) 82-118.Search in Google Scholar

14. Eaker, D.W.: Dynamie behavior and filtration of mainstream smoke in the tobacco column and filter; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 16 (1990) 103-187.Search in Google Scholar

15. Ferris, R.P.: British American Tobacco, UK, unpublished results, 1983.Search in Google Scholar

16. Guyatt, A.R, A.J.T. Kirkham, D.C. Mariner and G. Cumming: Is alveolar carbon monoxide an unreliable index of carboxyhaemoglobin changes during smoking in man?; Clin. Sci. 74 (1988) 29-36.Search in Google Scholar

17. Helms, A.: The concentration of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide in the smoke of ventilated filter cigarettes: Comparisons of different types of filter ventilations; Presented at CORESTA Smoke Study Group Meeting, Florence, Italy, 1983.Search in Google Scholar

18. Helms, A.: Influence of laser perforation of cigarette filters on the smoke composition: Influence of the depth of holes; Presented at CORESTA Congress, Vienna, Austria, 1984.Search in Google Scholar

19. Hill, CA.: Imperial Tobacco, UK, unpublished results, 1983.Search in Google Scholar

20. Kozłowski, L.T, R.C Frecker, V. Khouw, and M.A. Pope: The misuse of “less-hazardous” cigarettes and its detection: Hole-blocking of ventilated filters; Amer. J. Pub. Health 70 (11) (1980) 1202-1203.Search in Google Scholar

21. Kozłowski, L.T, W.S. Rickert, M.A. Pope, J.C Robinson, and R.C. Frecker: Estimating the yield to smokers of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide from the “lowest yield” ventilated filter-cigarettes; Br. J. Addict. 77 (1982) 159-165.Search in Google Scholar

22. Kozłowski, L.T, M.A. Pope, and J.E. Lux: Preva-lence of the misues of ultra-low-tar cigarettes by blocking filter vents; Am. J. Pub. Health 6 (1988) 694-695.Search in Google Scholar

23. Kozłowski, L.T, T.F. Heatherton, R.C. Frecker and H.E. Nolte: Self-selected blocking of vents on low-yield cigarettes; Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 33 (1989) 815-819.Search in Google Scholar

24. Kozłowski, L.T. and J.L. Pillitteri: Vent-blocking of vented filter cigarettes: 1979 to 1994. Handout for National Cancer Institute Conference: The FTC cigarette test method for determining tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields of U.S. cigarettes; 1994.Search in Google Scholar

25. Kozłowski, L.T, J.L. Pillitteri and C.T. Sweeney: Misuse of “light” cigarettes by means of vent blocking; J. Subst. Abuse 6 (1994) 333-336.Search in Google Scholar

26. Kozłowski, L.T, M.E. Goldberg, B.A. Yost, F.M. Ahern, K.R. Aronson and C.T. Sweeney: Smokers are unaware of the filter vents now on most cigarettes: Results of a national survey; Tob. Control 5 (1996) 265-270.Search in Google Scholar

27. Kozłowski, L.T, C.T. Sweeney and J.L. Pillitteri: Blocking cigarette filter vents with lips morę than doubles carbon monoxide intake from ultra-low tar cigarettes; Exper. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 4 (1996) 404-408.Search in Google Scholar

28. Kozłowski, L.T. and C.T. Sweeney: Low-yield, light, and ultra-light cigarettes: Let's understand the prod-uct bef ore we promote; P: Social marketing: theoret-ical and practical perspectives, edited by M.E. Goldberg, M. Fishbein and S. Middlestedt, Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey, U.S.A, pp. 231-244.10.4324/9781315805795-14Search in Google Scholar

29. Kozłowski, L.T, E.L. White, C.T. Sweeney, B.A. Yost, F.M. Ahern, and M.E. Goldberg: Few smokers know their cigarettes have filter vents; Am. J. Pub. Health 88 (1998) 681-682.Search in Google Scholar

30. Lewis, L.S. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, U.S.A, unpublished results, 1995.Search in Google Scholar

31. Lombardo, T, C.J. Davis and D.M. Prue: When Iow tar cigarettes yield high tar: cigarette filter ventilation hole blocking and its detection; Addict. Behav. 8 (1983) 67-69.Search in Google Scholar

32. Mathis, D.E.: Filtration efficiency in ventilated cigarettes; Paper presented at 36th Tobacco Chemists’ Research Conference, Raleigh, NC, U.S.A, Program Booklet and Abstracts, no. 29, p. 16, 1982.Search in Google Scholar

33. Mathis, D.E.: Flow ratę dependence of ventilation; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 14 (1987) 11-19.Search in Google Scholar

34. Mattina, C.F. and W. A. Selke: Influence of the paper on the smoke of cigarettes; Proc. 173rd Amer. Chem. Soc. Symp, Recent Advances in the Chemical Com-position of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, 1977, pp. 533-552.Search in Google Scholar

35. McBride, C, Imperial Tobacco, Canada, unpublished results, 1984.Search in Google Scholar

36. Ossip-Klein, D.J, J.E. Martin, B.D. Lomax, D.M. Prue, and C.J. Davis: Assessment of smoking topog-raphy generalization across laboratory, clinical and naturalistic settings; Addictive Behaviours 8 (1983) 11-17.Search in Google Scholar

37. Overton, J.R.: Filtration of cigarette smoke: relative contributions of inertial impaction, diffusional deposition and direct interception; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 7 (1973) 117-120.Search in Google Scholar

38. Owens Jr, W.F.: Effects of cigarette paper on smoke yield and composition; Rec. Adv. Tob. Sci. 4 (1978) 3-34.Search in Google Scholar

39. Pillitteri, J.L, A.C. Morse, and L.T. Kozłowski: Detection of vent-blocking on light and ultralight cigarettes; Parmacol. Biochem. Behav. 48 (1994) 539-542.Search in Google Scholar

40. Porter, A. and P.J. Dunn: Mouth insertion depths in Canadian smokers; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 18 (1998) 85-91.Search in Google Scholar

41. Reeves, N, M. Dixon, N. Ayya, D. Hilton, and F.K. St. Charles: Measurement of puffing behaviour in lights and ultra light smokers with ventilation holes partially and fully blocked; Proceedings of the CORESTA Smoke and Technology Groups Meeting, Hamburg, Germany, 1997, pp. 62-70.Search in Google Scholar

42. Reif, H.: Mathematical treatment of ventilation parameters; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 11 (1982) 209-218.Search in Google Scholar

43. Rickert, W.S, J.C. Robinson, J.C. Young, N.E. Collishaw, and D.F. Bray: A comparison of the yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide of 36 brands of Canadian cigarettes tested under three conditions; Prev. Med. 12 (1983) 682-694.Search in Google Scholar

44. Robinson, D.P, British American Tobacco, U.K., unpublished results, 1985.Search in Google Scholar

45. Róper, W, Reemtsma, Germany, unpublished results, 1997.Search in Google Scholar

46. St. Charles, F.K.: Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, U.S.A, unpublished data (1998) from the study of Reeves et al.,1997 (Reference 41).Search in Google Scholar

47. St. Charles, F.K. and D.C. Hilton: Estimation of consumer-smoked cigarette yields from filter analyti-cal data; Paper presented at 52”d Tobacco Science Research Conference, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A, Program Booklet and Abstracts, no. 45, p. 36, 1998.Search in Google Scholar

48. Scherer, G.: Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literaturę; Psychopharm. 145 (1999) 1-20.Search in Google Scholar

49. Schneider, W, A. Schliiter, and F. Seehofer: The effects of the properties of materials in a cigarette on filter ventilation; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 12 (1984) 123-136.Search in Google Scholar

50. Schneider, W.: Effects of occlusion of ventilation zones on tar yields; Proceedings of the CORESTA Smoke and Technology Groups Meeting, Hamburg, Germany, 1997, 71-78.Search in Google Scholar

51. Schulz, W, British American Tobacco, Germany, unpublished results, 1997.Search in Google Scholar

52. Selke, W.A. and J.H. Matthews: The permeability of cigarette papers and cigarette ventilation; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 9 (1978) 193-200.Search in Google Scholar

53. Shibata, M, E. Takase, T. Matsumoto, andM. Sasaki: Study of cross sectional smoke distribution in cigarette filters; Collection of the Smoke and Technology Group Papers at the CORESTA Congress, Yoko-hama, Japan, 1996, pp. 69-77.Search in Google Scholar

54. Shopland, D. (ed.): The FTC cigarette test method for determining tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields of U.S. cigarettes; Report of the N.C.I. Expert Committee, 1996.10.5962/bhl.title.113901Search in Google Scholar

55. Sweeney, C.T. and L.T. Kozłowski: Blocking filter vents increases carbon monoxide levels from ultralight, but not light cigarettes; Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 59 (1998) 767-773.Search in Google Scholar

56. Sweeney, C.T, L.T. Kozłowski, and P. Parsa: Effect of filter vent blocking on carbon monoxide exposure from selected lower tar cigarette brands; Pharmacol. Błochem. Behav. 63 (1999) 167-173.Search in Google Scholar

57. Tobin, M.J. and M.A. Sackner: Monitoring smoking patterns of Iow and high tar cigarettes with inductive plethysmography; Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 126 (1982) 258-264.Search in Google Scholar

58. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Nicotine in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products is a drug and these products are nicotine delivery devices under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act 0urisdictional Analysis). 60 Federal Register (1995) 41, 545-41, 787 at 41, 717-718.Search in Google Scholar

59. Wiethaup, W., British American Tobacco, Germany, unpublished results, 1984.Search in Google Scholar

60. Woodman, G., D.M. Wintoniuk, R.G. Taylor, and S.W. Ciarkę: Time course of end-expired carbon monoxide concentration is important in studies of cigarette smoking; Clin. Sci. 73 (1987) 553-555.Search in Google Scholar

61. Zacny,J.P,M.L. Stitzer,andJ.E. Yingling: Cigarette filter vent blocking: Effects on smoking topography and carbon monoxide exposure; Pharmacol. Bio-chem. Behav. 25 (1986) 1245-1252.Search in Google Scholar

62. Zacny, J.P. andM.L. Stitzer: Cigarette brand-switching: effects on smoke exposure and smoking behav-ior; J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 246 (1988) 619-627.Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
1612-9237
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
General Interest, Life Sciences, other, Physics