Clustering and Analysing Relevant Policy Dimensions of Populist, Left-Wing, Centrist, and Right-Wing Parties across Europe

Abromeit, J. (2017). A critical review of recent literature on populism. Politics and Governance. Cogitatio Press. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1146 Abromeit J. ( 2017 ). A critical review of recent literature on populism . Politics and Governance . Cogitatio Press . https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1146 Search in Google Scholar

Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslove, A. (2014). How Populist Are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324–1353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013512600 Akkerman A. Mudde C. Zaslove A. ( 2014 ). How Populist Are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters . Comparative Political Studies , 47 ( 9 ), 1324 – 1353 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013512600 Search in Google Scholar

Art, D. (2020). The Myth of Global Populism. Perspectives on Politics, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720003552 Art D. ( 2020 ). The Myth of Global Populism . Perspectives on Politics , 1 – 13 . https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720003552 Search in Google Scholar

Benczes, I. (2018). From goulash communism to goulash populism: the unwanted legacy of Hungarian reform socialism: Post-Communist Economies: Vol 28, No 2. Post-Communist Economies, 28(2), 146–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2015.1124557 Benczes I. ( 2018 ). From goulash communism to goulash populism: the unwanted legacy of Hungarian reform socialism: Post-Communist Economies: Vol 28, No 2 . Post-Communist Economies , 28 ( 2 ), 146 – 166 . https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2015.1124557 Search in Google Scholar

Browning, C. S. (2020). Remaking Europe in the Margins. Routledge. Browning C. S. ( 2020 ). Remaking Europe in the Margins . Routledge . Search in Google Scholar

Castanheira, M., Crutzen, B., & Sahuguet, N. (2010). The impact of party organization on electoral outcomes. Revue Economique, 61(4), 677–696. https://doi.org/10.3917/RECO.614.0677 Castanheira M. Crutzen B. Sahuguet N. ( 2010 ). The impact of party organization on electoral outcomes . Revue Economique , 61 ( 4 ), 677 – 696 . https://doi.org/10.3917/RECO.614.0677 Search in Google Scholar

Castanho Silva, B. (2017). Contemporary Populism: Actors, Causes, and Consequences Across 28 Democracies. Castanho Silva B. ( 2017 ). Contemporary Populism: Actors, Causes, and Consequences Across 28 Democracies . Search in Google Scholar

Conniff, M. L. (1982). Introduction: Toward a Comparative Definition of Populism. In Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Conniff M. L. ( 1982 ). Introduction: Toward a Comparative Definition of Populism . In Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . Search in Google Scholar

Cooper, R., & Williamson, J. (1994). The Political Economy of Policy Reform. Foreign Affairs, 73(3), 154. https://doi.org/10.2307/20046681 Cooper R. Williamson J. ( 1994 ). The Political Economy of Policy Reform . Foreign Affairs , 73 ( 3 ), 154 . https://doi.org/10.2307/20046681 Search in Google Scholar

Cunningham, S. (2021). Causal Inference : The Mixtape. Yale University Press. Cunningham S. ( 2021 ). Causal Inference : The Mixtape . Yale University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Dornbusch, R., & Edwards, S. (1989). Macroeconomic Populism in Latin America. National Bureau of Economic Research. Dornbusch R. Edwards S. ( 1989 ). Macroeconomic Populism in Latin America . National Bureau of Economic Research . Search in Google Scholar

Dornbusch, R., & Edwards, S. (1990). Macroeconomic populism. Journal of Development Economics, 32(2), 247–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(90)90038-D Dornbusch R. Edwards S. ( 1990 ). Macroeconomic populism . Journal of Development Economics , 32 ( 2 ), 247 – 277 . https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(90)90038-D Search in Google Scholar

Funke, M., Schularick, M., Trebesch, C., Manow, P., Gyöngyösi, G., Scholl, A., … Verner, E. (2020). Populist Leaders and the Economy. Kiel Working Paper. Funke M. Schularick M. Trebesch C. Manow P. Gyöngyösi G. Scholl A. Verner E. ( 2020 ). Populist Leaders and the Economy . Kiel Working Paper . Search in Google Scholar

Giebler, H., Meyer, T. M., & Wagner, M. (2021). The changing meaning of left and right: supply- and demand-side effects on the perception of party positions. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 31(2), 243–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2019.1609001/SUPPL_FILE/FBEP_A_1609001_SM9809.DOCX Giebler H. Meyer T. M. Wagner M. ( 2021 ). The changing meaning of left and right: supply- and demand-side effects on the perception of party positions . Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties , 31 ( 2 ), 243 – 262 . https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2019.1609001/SUPPL_FILE/FBEP_A_1609001_SM9809.DOCX Search in Google Scholar

Golder, M. (2016, May 11). Far Right Parties in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science. Annual Reviews Inc. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042814-012441 Golder M. ( 2016 , May 11 ). Far Right Parties in Europe . Annual Review of Political Science . Annual Reviews Inc . https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042814-012441 Search in Google Scholar

Gorton, M., Douarin, E., Davidova, S., & Latruffe, L. (2008). Attitudes to agricultural policy and farming futures in the context of the 2003 CAP reform: A comparison of farmers in selected established and new Member States. Journal of Rural Studies, 24(3), 322–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.10.001 Gorton M. Douarin E. Davidova S. Latruffe L. ( 2008 ). Attitudes to agricultural policy and farming futures in the context of the 2003 CAP reform: A comparison of farmers in selected established and new Member States . Journal of Rural Studies , 24 ( 3 ), 322 – 336 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.10.001 Search in Google Scholar

Guriev, S., & Papaioannou, E. (2020). The Political Economy of Populism. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3542052 Guriev S. Papaioannou E. ( 2020 ). The Political Economy of Populism . SSRN Electronic Journal . https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3542052 Search in Google Scholar

Győrffy, D. (2021). The middle-income trap in Central and Eastern Europe in the 2010s: institutions and divergent growth models. Comparative European Politics, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1057/S41295-021-00264-3/FIGURES/11 Győrffy D. ( 2021 ). The middle-income trap in Central and Eastern Europe in the 2010s: institutions and divergent growth models . Comparative European Politics , 1 – 24 . https://doi.org/10.1057/S41295-021-00264-3/FIGURES/11 Search in Google Scholar

Hawkins, K. A., Aguilar, R., Castanho Silva, B., Jenne, E. K., Kocijan, B., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2021). Measuring Populist Discourse : The Global Populism Database. Hawkins K. A. Aguilar R. Castanho Silva B. Jenne E. K. Kocijan B. Rovira Kaltwasser C. ( 2021 ). Measuring Populist Discourse : The Global Populism Database . Search in Google Scholar

Hawkins, K. A., Carlin, R. E., Littvay, L., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2019a). The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis. CRC Press (1st ed.). Hawkins K. A. Carlin R. E. Littvay L. Rovira Kaltwasser C. ( 2019a ). The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis . CRC Press ( 1st ed. ). Search in Google Scholar

Hawkins, K. A., Carlin, R. E., Littvay, L., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2019b). The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis. Routledge.com. Hawkins K. A. Carlin R. E. Littvay L. Rovira Kaltwasser C. ( 2019b ). The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis . Routledge.com . Search in Google Scholar

Hawkins, K. A., Riding, S., & Mudde, C. (2012). Political Concepts Committee on Concepts and Methods Working Paper Series Measuring Populist Attitudes. Hawkins K. A. Riding S. Mudde C. ( 2012 ). Political Concepts Committee on Concepts and Methods Working Paper Series Measuring Populist Attitudes . Search in Google Scholar

Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2017). Cleavage theory meets Europe’s crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the transnational cleavage. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310279, 25(1), 109–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310279 Hooghe L. Marks G. ( 2017 ). Cleavage theory meets Europe’s crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the transnational cleavage . Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310279 , 25 ( 1 ), 109 – 135 . https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310279 Search in Google Scholar

Huber, J., & Inglehart, R. (2016). Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies: Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/1354068895001001004, 1(1), 73–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001004 Huber J. Inglehart R. ( 2016 ). Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies : Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/1354068895001001004 , 1 ( 1 ), 73 – 111 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001004 Search in Google Scholar

Inglehart, R. F., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Inglehart R. F. Norris P. ( 2016 ). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash . Rochester, NY : Social Science Research Network . Search in Google Scholar

Kaufman, R. R., & Stallings, B. (1991). The Political Economy of Latin American Populism. In The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (pp. 15–43). Kaufman R. R. Stallings B. ( 1991 ). The Political Economy of Latin American Populism . In The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (pp. 15 – 43 ). Search in Google Scholar

Kumlin, S., & Stadelmann-Steffen, I. (2014). How welfare states shape the democratic public : policy feedback, participation, voting and attitudes. Edwar Elgar Publishing. Kumlin S. Stadelmann-Steffen I. ( 2014 ). How welfare states shape the democratic public : policy feedback, participation, voting and attitudes . Edwar Elgar Publishing . Search in Google Scholar

Kyle, J., & Gultchin, L. (2018). Populists in Power Around the World. Kyle J. Gultchin L. ( 2018 ). Populists in Power Around the World . Search in Google Scholar

Likas, A., Vlassis, N., & J. Verbeek, J. (2003). The global k-means clustering algorithm. Pattern Recognition, 36(2), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00060-2 Likas A. Vlassis N. Verbeek J. J. ( 2003 ). The global k-means clustering algorithm . Pattern Recognition , 36 ( 2 ), 451 – 461 . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00060-2 Search in Google Scholar

Lütz, S., & Kranke, M. (2014). The European rescue of the Washington Consensus? EU and IMF lending to Central and Eastern European countries. Review of International Political Economy, 21(2), 310–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2012.747104 Lütz S. Kranke M. ( 2014 ). The European rescue of the Washington Consensus? EU and IMF lending to Central and Eastern European countries . Review of International Political Economy , 21 ( 2 ), 310 – 338 . https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2012.747104 Search in Google Scholar

Martin, J. P. (2017). Continuity or Disruption? Changing Elites and the Emergence of Cronyism after the Great Recession – the Case of Hungary. Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2017.3S.11 Martin J. P. ( 2017 ). Continuity or Disruption? Changing Elites and the Emergence of Cronyism after the Great Recession – the Case of Hungary . Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy , 8 ( 3 ) . https://doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2017.3S.11 Search in Google Scholar

Matheson, C. (2016). Politics and Public Policy. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_1407-1 Matheson C. ( 2016 ). Politics and Public Policy . Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance , 1 – 8 . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_1407-1 Search in Google Scholar

Meijers, M. J., & Zaslove, A. (2021). Measuring Populism in Political Parties: Appraisal of a New Approach. Comparative Political Studies, 54(2), 372–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020938081 Meijers M. J. Zaslove A. ( 2021 ). Measuring Populism in Political Parties: Appraisal of a New Approach . Comparative Political Studies , 54 ( 2 ), 372 – 407 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020938081 Search in Google Scholar

Meyer, T. M., & Wagner, M. (2020). Perceptions of parties’ left-right positions: The impact of salience strategies. Party Politics, 26(5), 664–674. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818806679 Meyer T. M. Wagner M. ( 2020 ). Perceptions of parties’ left-right positions: The impact of salience strategies . Party Politics , 26 ( 5 ), 664 – 674 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818806679 Search in Google Scholar

Mouffe, C. (2019). For A Left Populism. Verso. Mouffe C. ( 2019 ). For A Left Populism . Verso . Search in Google Scholar

Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x Mudde C. ( 2004 ). The Populist Zeitgeist . Government and Opposition , 39 ( 4 ), 541 – 563 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x Search in Google Scholar

Norris, P. (2020). Measuring populism worldwide. Party Politics, 26(6), 697–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820927686 Norris P. ( 2020 ). Measuring populism worldwide . Party Politics , 26 ( 6 ), 697 – 717 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820927686 Search in Google Scholar

Pierson, P. (1996). The New Politics of the Welfare State. World Politics, 48(2), 143–179. https://doi.org/10.1353/WP.1996.0004 Pierson P. ( 1996 ). The New Politics of the Welfare State . World Politics , 48 ( 2 ), 143 – 179 . https://doi.org/10.1353/WP.1996.0004 Search in Google Scholar

Rodrik, D. (2017). Populism and the Economics of Globalization. National Bureau of Economic Research. Rodrik D. ( 2017 ). Populism and the Economics of Globalization . National Bureau of Economic Research . Search in Google Scholar

Rooduijn, M., Van Kessel, S., Froio, C., Pirro, A., De Lange, S., Halikiopoulou, D., … Taggart, P. (2020, July 9). The PopuList. The PopuList. Rooduijn M. Van Kessel S. Froio C. Pirro A. De Lange S. Halikiopoulou D. Taggart P. ( 2020 , July 9 ). The PopuList . The PopuList . Search in Google Scholar

Rovira Kaltwasser, C., Taggart, P., Ochoa Espejo, P., & Ostiguy, P. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford University Press. Rovira Kaltwasser C. Taggart P. Ochoa Espejo P. Ostiguy P. ( 2017 ). The Oxford Handbook of Populism . Oxford University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Schulz, A., Müller, P., Schemer, C., Wirz, D. S., Wettstein, M., & Wirth, W. (2018). Measuring Populist Attitudes on Three Dimensions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 30(2), 316–326. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edw037 Schulz A. Müller P. Schemer C. Wirz D. S. Wettstein M. Wirth W. ( 2018 ). Measuring Populist Attitudes on Three Dimensions . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 30 ( 2 ), 316 – 326 . https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edw037 Search in Google Scholar

Stadelmann-Steffen, I., & Eder, C. (2021). Public opinion in policy contexts. A comparative analysis of domestic energy policies and individual policy preferences in Europe. International Political Science Review, 42(1), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512120913047/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_0192512120913047-FIG3.JPEG Stadelmann-Steffen I. Eder C. ( 2021 ). Public opinion in policy contexts. A comparative analysis of domestic energy policies and individual policy preferences in Europe . International Political Science Review , 42 ( 1 ), 78 – 94 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512120913047/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_0192512120913047-FIG3.JPEG Search in Google Scholar

Sushytska, J. (2010). What Is Eastern Europe? Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/0969725X.2010.536010, 15(3), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969725X.2010.536010 Sushytska J. ( 2010 ). What Is Eastern Europe? Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/0969725X.2010.536010, 15 ( 3 ), 53 – 65 . https://doi.org/10.1080/096972 5X.2010.536010 Search in Google Scholar

Tharanga, S. A. R. (2018). The Impact of Politics in Policy Reforms. Tharanga S. A. R. ( 2018 ). The Impact of Politics in Policy Reforms . Search in Google Scholar

Toplišek, A. (2019). The Political Economy of Populist Rule in Post-Crisis Europe: Hungary and Poland. New Political Economy, 0(0), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2019.1598960 Toplišek A. ( 2019 ). The Political Economy of Populist Rule in Post-Crisis Europe: Hungary and Poland . New Political Economy , 0 ( 0 ), 1 – 16 . https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2019.1598960 Search in Google Scholar

Toplišek, A. (2020). The Political Economy of Populist Rule in Post-Crisis Europe: Hungary and Poland. New Political Economy, 25(3), 388–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2019.1598960 Toplišek A. ( 2020 ). The Political Economy of Populist Rule in Post-Crisis Europe: Hungary and Poland . New Political Economy , 25 ( 3 ), 388 – 403 . https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2019.1598960 Search in Google Scholar

Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. F. (2016). Misconceptions of Measurement Equivalence: Time for a Paradigm Shift. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/0010414016628275, 49(8), 1068–1094. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016628275 Welzel C. Inglehart R. F. ( 2016 ). Misconceptions of Measurement Equivalence: Time for a Paradigm Shift . Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1177/0010414016628275, 49 ( 8 ), 1068 – 1094 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016628275 Search in Google Scholar

Wlezien, C., & Soroka, S. N. (2016). Public Opinion and Public Policy. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190228637.013.74 Wlezien C. Soroka S. N. ( 2016 ). Public Opinion and Public Policy . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics . https://doi.org/10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190228637.013.74 Search in Google Scholar

Wuttke, A., Schimpf, C., & Schoen, H. (2020). When the Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Populist Attitudes and Other Multidimensional Constructs. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000807 Wuttke A. Schimpf C. Schoen H. ( 2020 ). When the Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Populist Attitudes and Other Multidimensional Constructs . American Political Science Review , 114 ( 2 ), 356 – 374 . https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000807 Search in Google Scholar