<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Offline signature is one of the frequently used biometric traits in daily life and yet skilled forgeries are posing a great challenge for offline signature verification. To differentiate forgeries, a variety of research has been conducted on hand-crafted feature extraction methods until now. However, these methods have recently been set aside for automatic feature extraction methods such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Although these CNN-based algorithms often achieve satisfying results, they require either many samples in training or pre-trained network weights. Recently, Capsule Network has been proposed to model with fewer data by using the advantage of convolutional layers for automatic feature extraction. Moreover, feature representations are obtained as vectors instead of scalar activation values in CNN to keep orientation information. Since signature samples per user are limited and feature orientations in signature samples are highly informative, this paper first aims to evaluate the capability of Capsule Network for signature identification tasks on three benchmark databases. Capsule Network achieves 97 96, 94 89, 95 and 91% accuracy on CEDAR, GPDS-100 and MCYT databases for 64×64 and 32×32 resolutions, which are lower than usual, respectively. The second aim of the paper is to generalize the capability of Capsule Network concerning the verification task. Capsule Network achieves average 91, 86, and 89% accuracy on CEDAR, GPDS-100 and MCYT databases for 64×64 resolutions, respectively. Through this evaluation, the capability of Capsule Network is shown for offline verification and identification tasks.</p>
</abstract>

Offline signature is one of the frequently used biometric traits in daily life and yet skilled forgeries are posing a great challenge for offline signature verification. To differentiate forgeries, a variety of research has been conducted on hand-crafted feature extraction methods until now. However, these methods have recently been set aside for automatic feature extraction methods such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Although these CNN-based algorithms often achieve satisfying results, they require either many samples in training or pre-trained network weights. Recently, Capsule Network has been proposed to model with fewer data by using the advantage of convolutional layers for automatic feature extraction. Moreover, feature representations are obtained as vectors instead of scalar activation values in CNN to keep orientation information. Since signature samples per user are limited and feature orientations in signature samples are highly informative, this paper first aims to evaluate the capability of Capsule Network for signature identification tasks on three benchmark databases. Capsule Network achieves 97 96, 94 89, 95 and 91% accuracy on CEDAR, GPDS-100 and MCYT databases for 64×64 and 32×32 resolutions, which are lower than usual, respectively. The second aim of the paper is to generalize the capability of Capsule Network concerning the verification task. Capsule Network achieves average 91, 86, and 89% accuracy on CEDAR, GPDS-100 and MCYT databases for 64×64 resolutions, respectively. Through this evaluation, the capability of Capsule Network is shown for offline verification and identification tasks.

Offline Signature Identification and Verification Based on Capsule Representations

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Cybernetics and Information Technologies

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Offline signature is one of the frequently used biometric traits in daily life and yet skilled forgeries are posing a great challenge for offline signature...

Offline Signature Identification and Verification Based on Capsule Representations

Published Online: Sep 13, 2020

Page range: 60 - 67

Received: Feb 21, 2020

Accepted: May 08, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cait-2020-0040

Keywords
Capsule Network, Offline Signature Verification, Offline Signature Identification, Convolutional Neural Networks

© 2020 Dilara Gumusbas et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Offline Signature Identification and Verification Based on Capsule Representations

Published Online: Sep 13, 2020

Page range: 60 - 67

Received: Feb 21, 2020

Accepted: May 08, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cait-2020-0040

KeywordsCapsule Network, Offline Signature Verification, Offline Signature Identification, Convolutional Neural Networks

© 2020 Dilara Gumusbas et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Keywords
Capsule Network, Offline Signature Verification, Offline Signature Identification, Convolutional Neural Networks