<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>The importance of cytogenetic analysis in a family with reproductive failure in two siblings is highlighted, where two siblings and their mother presented with a balanced translocation between chromosomes 13;22. The clinical evaluation had shown the female to be normal and the male to be oligoasthenoteratozoospermic despite repeated semen analysis. The couple was referred to our laboratory after three consecutive intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) failures at a local assisted reproductive technique (ART) center. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, obtained for karyotyping, were studied by a standard G-banding technique. Chromosomal analysis of the members of the pedigree, including the probands, showed the presence of the same translocation, t(13;22)(q21.2;q13.3), carried by three generations of the family. The sister and the mother of the proband had multiple spontaneous abortions in the first trimester. The spouses, when examined cytogenetically, were found to be normal. We propose the involvement of a balanced t(13;22)(q21.2;q13.3) chromosomal translocation in the pathogenesis of recurrent ART or spontaneous reproductive failures. Hence, it is suggested that all cases with structural chromosomal abnormalities be counseled prior to opting for ART and undergoing pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This would prevent recurrent financial, physical and emotional stress in couples seeking ART.</p></abstract>

The importance of cytogenetic analysis in a family with reproductive failure in two siblings is highlighted, where two siblings and their mother presented with a balanced translocation between chromosomes 13;22. The clinical evaluation had shown the female to be normal and the male to be oligoasthenoteratozoospermic despite repeated semen analysis. The couple was referred to our laboratory after three consecutive intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) failures at a local assisted reproductive technique (ART) center. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, obtained for karyotyping, were studied by a standard G-banding technique. Chromosomal analysis of the members of the pedigree, including the probands, showed the presence of the same translocation, t(13;22)(q21.2;q13.3), carried by three generations of the family. The sister and the mother of the proband had multiple spontaneous abortions in the first trimester. The spouses, when examined cytogenetically, were found to be normal. We propose the involvement of a balanced t(13;22)(q21.2;q13.3) chromosomal translocation in the pathogenesis of recurrent ART or spontaneous reproductive failures. Hence, it is suggested that all cases with structural chromosomal abnormalities be counseled prior to opting for ART and undergoing pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This would prevent recurrent financial, physical and emotional stress in couples seeking ART.


<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><sec id="j_bjmg-2018-0017_s_001_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1aAa"><div>Introduction</div><p>Reproductive failure is the inability to achieve conception or sustain a pregnancy to term. It is estimated that fetal viability is only achieved in 30.0% of all human conceptions [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_001_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b1Aa">1</a>]. Chromosomal abnormalities are a known contributory factor in infertility, bad obstetric history (BOH) and spermatogenetic arrest. Male infertility may be associated with chromosomal abnormalities, involving sex chromosomes (4.0-8.0%) and autosomes (1.0-2.0%) [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_002_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b2Aa">2</a>]. Complete spermatogenic and partial spermatogenetic arrest is mainly associated with sex chromosomal aneuploidies and autosomal structural abnormalities, respectively [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_003_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b3Aa">3</a>]. The frequency of autosomal reciprocal translocations is estimated to be 0.25% in the general population, 0.5% in azoospermia and 0.7% in oligozoospermia [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_004_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b4Aa">4</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_005_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b5Aa">5</a>]. The incidence of these genetic abnormalities increases with decline in semen quality [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_006_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b6Aa">6</a>]. Kumar <italic>et al</italic>. [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_007_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b7Aa">7</a>] showed that Robertsonian translocations t(13;14) and t(13;13) are associated with extremely poor semen quality (low sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology). Guichaoua <italic>et al</italic>. [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_008_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b8Aa">8</a>] reported a sterile male with 14:22 Robertsonian translocation, who was oliogoasthenozoospermic with normal sperm morphology. Reciprocal translocation carriers are phenotypically normal but with poor semen quality [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_009_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b9Aa">9</a>] and their severity depends on whether they are balanced or unbalanced. Unbalanced reciprocal translocations cause severe effects ranging from low IQ, mental retardation, physical and skeletal defects [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_010_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c10Aa">10</a>]. Balanced translocations show variable sperm parameters, ranging from normal sperm count to oligospermia or azoospermia [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_004_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b4Aa">4</a>]. Even in patients with a normal sperm count, reciprocal translocation carriers are at a higher risk of pre and post implantation losses or abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Chromosomal translocations are known to result in poor quality of blastocyst and implantation failure. Assisted reproductive technique (ART) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has proved to be a boon to men with poor semen quality [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_011_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c11Aa">11</a>], but in developing countries such as India, the cost of recurrent ART failures take a toll on patients’ financial and emotional well being. Couples having a history of spontaneous abortions should undergo genetic analysis and counselling before planning ART, particularly ICSI, where critical natural steps are bypassed.</p></sec><sec id="j_bjmg-2018-0017_s_002_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1b1Aa"><div>Case report</div><p><bold>Family Case Report</bold>. The couple was not consanguineous and primarily infertile, involving a 31-year-old healthy male (II-3) and his 27-year-old wife (II-4) (<a ref-type="fig" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_fig_001_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1b1b2Aa">Figure 1</a>). They visited our laboratory after failing ICSI three times. On recording the detailed family history of the proband (II-3), his sister (II-2) and mother (I-2), they were found to have a BOH. Affected members of the family along with their spouses were called in for cytogenetic investigation (father of the proband was deceased). A detailed family, medical and reproductive history was taken in each case and the pedigree drawn. Occurrence of other factors, such as congenital malformations, drug addictions, radiation exposure or toxic environmental agents, was ruled out. Routine clinical investigations also ruled out any infectious or autoimmune cause for infertility.</p><figure id="j_bjmg-2018-0017_fig_001_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1b1b2Aa" position="float" fig-type="figure"><h2>Figure 1</h2><figCaption><p>Pedigree of the studied family.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_bjmg-2018-0017_fig_001.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647107e72b88470fbea144d8/j_bjmg-2018-0017_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240608T193332Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240608%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=172c6ffa778d17cd0abce117b0be34d2fd5934efc9de6ef5dfca8a878447a2a8" class="mw-100"/></figure><p>The proband was a healthy male (178 cm/76 kg) with well developed secondary sexual characters. He was oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (95000 spermatozoa/mL). Endocrine evaluation showed that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (6.5 mIU/mL), luteinizing hormone (LH) (4.3 mIU/mL) and testosterone (360 ng/dL) were normal. Because of the spermiogram results and the duration of infertility, ICSI was performed and failed three times. The wife of the proband was normal on gynecological examination.</p><p>The proband’s sister (II-2), aged 26 years (158 cm/56 kg), suffered three first trimester spontaneous abortions. Her husband was clinically and cytogenetically normal. Her hormonal profile (FSH 5.5 mIU/mL, LH 15.0 mIU/mL and prolactin (PRL) 11.0 ng/dL) was within the normal range.</p><p>The mother (I-2) of the proband was 66 years old (155 cm/69 kg). Her two children were conceived after 12 years of marriage; and she had a history of repeated miscarriages in the first trimester of pregnancy, but was not able to recollect her case history properly.</p><p>Ethical clearance was obtained prior to the study from the Ethics Clearance Committee of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Dehli, India. The patients were referred from the infertility clinic of the Department of Urology, AIIMS, and the ART Centre of the Army Research and Referral Hospital, New Delhi, India. The study was explained to both patients and controls in English and Hindi (local language).</p></sec><sec id="j_bjmg-2018-0017_s_003_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1b2Aa"><div>Methodology</div><p><bold>Semen Analysis [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_001_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b1Aa">1</a>]</bold>. Semen samples of the proband and his brother-in-law were collected by masturbation after minimum of 48 hours and not longer than 7 days of sexual abstinence; and analyzed according to WHO guidelines.</p><p><bold>Chromosome Preparation [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_012_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c12Aa">12</a>]</bold>. Chromosomal analysis was performed on lymphocyte cultures and chromosomes analyzed by G-banding [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_013_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c13Aa">13</a>]. Metaphases were analyzed using Cytovision Software DM2500 (Leica Biosystems Lab Solutions, Wetzlar, Hesse, Germany) and classified according to the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN 2016) [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_014_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c14Aa">14</a>]. At least 120-150 metaphases were analyzed in each case.</p></sec><sec id="j_bjmg-2018-0017_s_004_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1b3Aa"><div>Results</div><p>The proband was oligoasthenoteratozoospermic. His average sperm count was 0.95 million/mL after three semen analyses. The grade A, B, C and D motility was 38.0, 30.0, 20.0 and 12.0%, respectively. The abnormal morphology was found in 79.0% sperms (65.0% sperms had coiled tails, 14.0% had tapered heads and 21.0% had normal morphology). The proband was found to carry a balanced translocation between chromosomes 13;22. The breakpoint was at 13q21.2 and the terminal part was transferred to 22q13.3. The karyotype was 46;XY,t(13;22) (q21.2;q13.3). Incidentally, the same translocation was observed in the mother and sister of the proband. The karyotypes of mother and sister were 46,XX,t(13;22) (q21.2;q13.3) and 46,XX,t(13;22)(q21.2;q13.3), respectively. The sister of the proband got pregnant during the investigation and was counseled about the risk to the fetus, of inheriting the genetic abnormality. The couple opted for amniocentesis (in a private center other than AIIMS, New Delhi, India). The amniocentesis was done at the 17th week of pregnancy and the fetus was found to carry the same translocation (46;XX, t(13;22)(q21.2;q13.3) as that of the mother (shown in <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_fig_002_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1b3b2Aa">Figure 2</a>). However, couple decided to continue the pregnancy. The growth of the fetus was monitored through ultrasound and mother (II-2) delivered a phenotypically normal girl.</p><figure id="j_bjmg-2018-0017_fig_002_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1b3b2Aa" position="float" fig-type="figure"><h2>Figure 2</h2><figCaption><p>G-banded karyotype showing the 46,XX,t(13;22)(q21.2;q13.3) chromosomal complement.</p></figCaption><img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_bjmg-2018-0017_fig_002.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647107e72b88470fbea144d8/j_bjmg-2018-0017_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240608T193332Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240608%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=af6979c64bbf0b4282ac72c7ba31eda421a326e294d6d98e5a87b0296904b8ea" class="mw-100"/></figure></sec><sec id="j_bjmg-2018-0017_s_005_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab1b4Aa"><div>Discussion</div><p>Spontaneous abortion involves pregnancy fatalities from the start until the 24th week of pregnancy [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_015_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c15Aa">15</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_016_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c16Aa">16</a>]. Many risk factors are related with early pregnancy loss, including genetic and endocrine irregularities, immune dysfunction and progressive maternal age [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_017_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c17Aa">17</a>]. Reciprocal translocations are the leading cause of recurrent miscarriages [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_018_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c18Aa">18</a>]. Translocation of 13;22 is a leading cause of partial trisomy with elevated levels of neutrophils in patients [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_019_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c19Aa">19</a>].</p><p>We describe here a familial case of t(13:22) in three generations of a family with a BOH. Family members were phenotypically normal because of nature of the translocation. Pedigree analysis helped in tracking the path of transmission of the translocation from mother (I-2). From the proband’s sister (II-2), the translocation transmitted to her child (III-2). We were successful in identifying the breakpoint interval on the long arm of chromosome 13q21. It has been reported to be an AT-rich repeat region and very prone to rearrangements due to the presence of fragile sites. The sequences and mechanisms responsible for the fragility at these sites remains largely unknown [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_020_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c20Aa">20</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_021_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c21Aa">21</a>]. Deletions in chromosome 13q21 occur frequently in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_022_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c22Aa">22</a>]. Manjunatha <italic>et al</italic>. [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_023_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c23Aa">23</a>] studied five mentally retarded patients having fragile sites on chromosome 13q21. Though the breakpoint interval is the same, no family member in the present study had mental retardation or HNSCC. The infertility in men with autosomal aberrations may be due to the physical contact of unpaired autosomal material with sex chromosomes, which adversely affects meiotic segregation and may lead to spermatogenic arrest [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_024_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c24Aa">24</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_025_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c25Aa">25</a>]. Such a reciprocal translocation leads to meiotic segregational abnormalities. The patterns of inheritance are complex and depend on the chromosomes involved and the size of the rearrangements [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_026_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c26Aa">26</a>, <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_027_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c27Aa">27</a>, <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_028_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c28Aa">28</a>]. Meiotic studies have shown that translocations may result in spermatogenetic arrest or impairment. However, our findings were in contradiction to the report by Matsuda <italic>et al</italic>. [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_029_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c29Aa">29</a>] that close relatives of the affected person carrying same translocation will be fertile. The present study has proved it beyond doubt that translocations could cause recurrent reproductive loss, even though carriers are phenotypically normal. Recent advancement in the field of infertility has led to strong argument of genetic analysis pre or post implantation.</p><p>Poor fertilization and pregnancy rate has been reported in several studies on translocation carriers opting for ART [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_030_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c30Aa">30</a>]. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in such cases has shown a very high incidence of aneuploidies, and structural abnormalities [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_031_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c31Aa">31</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_032_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c32Aa">32</a>]. This study is highly significant in this era of ART, where the majority of couples with BOH or infertility opt for ART/ICSI. The ART is a very expensive technique and is usually not covered by medical insurance, and if it fails recurrently, leads to severe physical and financial stress. Despite major advances in ART and professional expertise, the carry home live birth rate following ART is 25.0-35.0%. It has been reported that genetic abnormality could be a major cause for fertilization failure or poor blastocyst development following ART and may lead to pre or post implantation failure [<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_008_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2b8Aa">8</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_bjmg-2018-0017_ref_033_w2aab2b8b3b1b7b1ab2b2c33Aa">33</a>].</p><p>Thus, all couples with BOH/reproductive and recurrent ART failure should undergo genetic analysis and those results could be corerelated with PGD of the blastocysts that are expected to be transferred. On conception, the patient should be followed by prenatal diagnosis. The present study is one of the finest case report of familial BOH, recurrent ART failures and chromosomal abnormality.</p></sec></div>

A familial case report of a 13;22 chromosomal translocation with recurrent intracytoplasmic sperm injection failure

Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

The importance of cytogenetic analysis in a family with reproductive failure in two siblings is highlighted, where two siblings and their mother presented with...

A familial case report of a 13;22 chromosomal translocation with recurrent intracytoplasmic sperm injection failure

Article Category: Case report

Published Online: Dec 31, 2018

Page range: 73 - 77

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bjmg-2018-0017

Keywords
Assisted reproductive technique (ART) center, Infertility, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), fertilization (IVF), Karyotyping, Translocation, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), Spontaneous abortions

© 2018 Verma S, Shah R, Bhat A, Bhat GR, Dada R, Kumar R published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

A familial case report of a 13;22 chromosomal translocation with recurrent intracytoplasmic sperm injection failure

Article Category: Case report

Published Online: Dec 31, 2018

Page range: 73 - 77

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bjmg-2018-0017

KeywordsAssisted reproductive technique (ART) center, Infertility, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), fertilization (IVF), Karyotyping, Translocation, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), Spontaneous abortions

© 2018 Verma S, Shah R, Bhat A, Bhat GR, Dada R, Kumar R published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
Assisted reproductive technique (ART) center, Infertility, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), fertilization (IVF), Karyotyping, Translocation, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), Spontaneous abortions