[1. Curtain PD. The Atlantic Slave Trade: a Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Conniff ML, Davis TJ.; Africans in the Americas: a History of the Black Diaspora. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Salas A, Richards M, Lareu MV, Scozzari R, Coppa A, Torroni A, et al. The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade. Am J Hum Genet. 2004; 74(3): 454-465.10.1086/382194]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Salas A, Carracedo A, Richards M, Macaulay V. Charting the ancestry of African-Americans. Am J Hum Genet. 2005; 77(4): 676-680.10.1086/491675]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Reed FA, Tishkoff SA. African human diversity, origins and migrations. Curr Opinion Genet Develop. 2006; 16(6): 597-605.10.1016/j.gde.2006.10.008]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Reed TE. Caucasian genes in American Negroes. Science. 1969; 165(3895): 762-768.10.1126/science.165.3895.762]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Parra EJ, Marcini A, Akey J, Martinson J, Batzer MA, Cooper R, et al. Estimating African-American admixture proportions by use of population-specific alleles. Am J Hum Genet. 1998; 63(6): 1839-1851.10.1086/302148]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Parra EJ, Kittles RA, Argyropoulos G, Pfaff CL, Hiester K, Bonilla C, et al. Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African-Americans living in South Carolina. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2001; 114(1): 18-29.10.1002/1096-8644(200101)114:1<18::AID-AJPA1002>3.0.CO;2-2]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Kayser M, Brauer S, Schädlich H, Prinz M, Batzer MA, Zimmerman PA, et al. Y Chromosome STR haplo-types and the genetic structure of US populations of African, European, and Hispanic ancestry. Genome Res. 2003; 13(4): 624-634.10.1101/gr.463003]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Lind JM, Hutcheson-Dilks HB, Williams SM, Moore JH, Essex M, Ruiz-Pesini E, et al. Elevated male European and female African contributions to the genomes of African-American individuals. Hum Genet. 2007; 120 (5): 713-722.10.1007/s00439-006-0261-7]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR, Ehret C, Ranciaro A, Froment A, et al. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African-Americans. Science. 2009; 324(5930): 1035-1044.10.1126/science.1172257]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Destro-Bisol G, Maviglia R, Caglià A, Boschi I, Spedini G, Pascali V, et al. Estimating European admixture in African-Americans by using microsatellites and a micro-satellite haplotype (CD4/Alu). Hum Genet. 1999; 104(2): 149-157.10.1007/s004390050928]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Kayser M, de Knijff P, Dieltjes P, Krawczak M, Nagy M, Zerjal T, et al. Applications of microsatellite- based Y-chromosome haplotyping. Electrophoresis. 1997; 18(9): 1602-1607.10.1002/elps.11501809209378129]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Coia V, Boschi I, Trombetta F, Cavulli F, Montinaro F, Destro-Bisol G, et al. Evidence of high genetic variation among linguistically diverse populations on a micro-geographic scale: a case study of the Italian Alps. J Hum Genet. 2012; 57(4): 254-260.10.1038/jhg.2012.1422418692]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Torres JB, Doura MB, Keita SOY, Kittles RA. Y Chromosome lineages in men of West African descent. PLoS One. 2012; 7(1): e29687.10.1371/journal.pone.0029687326624122295064]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Kline MC, Vallone PM, Redman JW, Duewer DL, Calloway CD, Butler JM. Mitochondrial DNA typing screens with control region and coding region SNPs. J Forensic Sci. 2005; 50(2): 377-385.10.1520/JFS2004293]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Ely B, Wilson JL, Jackson F, Jackson BA. African-American mitochondrial DNAs often match mtDNAs found in multiple African ethnic groups. BMC Biol. 2006; 4: 34.10.1186/1741-7007-4-34161886117038170]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Excoffier L, Lischer HE. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour. 2010; 10(3): 564-567.10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x21565059]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, Howell N. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet. 1999; 23(2): 147.10.1038/1377910508508]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Seielstad MT, Minch E, Cavalli-Sforza LL. Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans. Nat Genet. 1998;20(3): 278-280.10.1038/30889806547]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Boschi I, Verginelli F, Cagliá A, Pascali V, et al. The analysis of variation of mtDNA hypervariable region 1 suggests that Eastern and Western Pygmies diverged before the Bantu expansion. Am Nat 2004; 163(2);212-226.10.1086/38140514970923]Search in Google Scholar
[22. United States Census Bureau 2000. url: http:// www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Hsieh CL, Sutton HE. Mitochondrial and nuclear variants in a US black population: origins of a hybrid population. Ann Hum Genet. 1992;56(Pt 2): 105-112.10.1111/j.1469-1809.1992.tb01137.x1354429]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Whatley W, Gillezeau R. The impact of the transatlantic slave trade on ethnic stratification in Africa. Am Econ Rev.2011; 101(3): 571-576.10.1257/aer.101.3.571]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Rosa A, Brehm A. African human mtDNA phylo- geography at-a-glance. J Anthropol Sci. 2011; 89: 25-58.]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Montano V, Ferri G, Marcari V, Batini C, Anyaele O, Destro-Bisol G, et al. The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa. Mol Ecol. 2011; 20(13): 2693-2708.10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05130.x21627702]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Mitchell P. Genetics and southern African prehistory: an archaeological view. J Anthropol Sci. 2010; 88: 73-92.]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Francalacci P, Morelli L, Useli A, Sanna D. The history and geography of the Y chromosome SNPs in Europe: an update. J Anthropol Sci. 2010; 88: 207-214.]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, et al. A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002; 70(5): 1197-1214.10.1086/34025744759511910562]Search in Google Scholar