<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

It is of paramount concern that some leather tanneries around the world are disposing waste in environment which are a cause of destruction of flora and fauna in vicinity. Especially chrome tanning poses a major threat due to the release of chromium in wastewater (WW). Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is a potential carcinogen and thus demands stern quality control measures. The present investigations focused on the quality of WW released from leather tanneries of two cities <italic>i.e.</italic>, Sheihupura and Kasur, Pakistan, and its effect on the vicinal flora. Cr6+ and total chromium (Cr) in all the samples were determined through UV visible spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Wastewater samples (WWS) were collected at head and at a distance of 50 – 200 m at specific intervals, at edge and inward towards middle of WW streams. WWS of both Sheihupura and Kasur tanneries showed comparable Cr6+ content at head but much higher total Cr <italic>(in parenthesis)</italic> in later <italic>i.e</italic>., 89.7 ppm (1440.57 ppm) and 94.9 ppm (3527.95 ppm). Cr6+ content declined inward stream and with the increasing distance down the stream falling exponentially in Sheikupura and steeply at Kasur. The soil samples (SS) at 3 m <italic>i.e</italic>., at edge of WW streams showed higher Cr6+ content for Sheikhupura than WWS i.e., 94.8 ppm (1041.8 ppm) falling with distance to 44.8 ppm at 150 m. It is less at Kasur <italic>i.e</italic>., 80.5 ppm (4465.9 ppm) falling sharply with distance at 150 m to 25.1 ppm. This showed buildup of Cr6+ ions in soil of Sheikupura with time. As the distance off stream on the ground increased, both Cr6+ and the total Cr declined and much more at Kasur site i.e., 23.8 ppm (880 ppm) and reached close to Sheikhupura 32.7 ppm (610 ppm) at 150 m. Plausibly, the Sheikhupura tannery is older and/or the soil in vicinal area is more porous. Plant vegetation examined in soil at edge only, show the uptake of both Cr6+ and total Cr. Roots and grass leaf at Sheikhupura and the potato leaf at Kasur showed the highest Cr6+ uptake of the total Cr i.e., 4.6% 3.5% and 6.4 %, respectively. The results show that tanneries WW has drastically affected soil and consequently the plants with Cr6+ ions and total Cr above the permissible levels of 0.1 ppm. To ratiocinate, these will finally incorporate in food chain ultimately damaging the fauna and henceforth calls for adoption of effective removal methodologies and greener routes for a sustainable environment.
</abstract>

It is of paramount concern that some leather tanneries around the world are disposing waste in environment which are a cause of destruction of flora and fauna in vicinity. Especially chrome tanning poses a major threat due to the release of chromium in wastewater (WW). Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is a potential carcinogen and thus demands stern quality control measures. The present investigations focused on the quality of WW released from leather tanneries of two cities i.e., Sheihupura and Kasur, Pakistan, and its effect on the vicinal flora. Cr6+ and total chromium (Cr) in all the samples were determined through UV visible spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Wastewater samples (WWS) were collected at head and at a distance of 50 – 200 m at specific intervals, at edge and inward towards middle of WW streams. WWS of both Sheihupura and Kasur tanneries showed comparable Cr6+ content at head but much higher total Cr (in parenthesis) in later i.e., 89.7 ppm (1440.57 ppm) and 94.9 ppm (3527.95 ppm). Cr6+ content declined inward stream and with the increasing distance down the stream falling exponentially in Sheikupura and steeply at Kasur. The soil samples (SS) at 3 m i.e., at edge of WW streams showed higher Cr6+ content for Sheikhupura than WWS i.e., 94.8 ppm (1041.8 ppm) falling with distance to 44.8 ppm at 150 m. It is less at Kasur i.e., 80.5 ppm (4465.9 ppm) falling sharply with distance at 150 m to 25.1 ppm. This showed buildup of Cr6+ ions in soil of Sheikupura with time. As the distance off stream on the ground increased, both Cr6+ and the total Cr declined and much more at Kasur site i.e., 23.8 ppm (880 ppm) and reached close to Sheikhupura 32.7 ppm (610 ppm) at 150 m. Plausibly, the Sheikhupura tannery is older and/or the soil in vicinal area is more porous. Plant vegetation examined in soil at edge only, show the uptake of both Cr6+ and total Cr. Roots and grass leaf at Sheikhupura and the potato leaf at Kasur showed the highest Cr6+ uptake of the total Cr i.e., 4.6% 3.5% and 6.4 %, respectively. The results show that tanneries WW has drastically affected soil and consequently the plants with Cr6+ ions and total Cr above the permissible levels of 0.1 ppm. To ratiocinate, these will finally incorporate in food chain ultimately damaging the fauna and henceforth calls for adoption of effective removal methodologies and greener routes for a sustainable environment.

Impacts of tanneries wastewater on the vicinal flora of Sheikhupura and Kasur, Pakistan

Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

It is of paramount concern that some leather tanneries around the world are disposing waste in environment which are a cause of destruction of flora and fauna...

Impacts of tanneries wastewater on the vicinal flora of Sheikhupura and Kasur, Pakistan

Published Online: Jul 23, 2021

Page range: 90 - 97

Received: Jan 08, 2021

Accepted: Jun 12, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2021-0013

Keywords
tannery wastewater, chromium (VI), total chromium, flora

© 2021 Sylvia E. Benjamin et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Impacts of tanneries wastewater on the vicinal flora of Sheikhupura and Kasur, Pakistan

Published Online: Jul 23, 2021

Page range: 90 - 97

Received: Jan 08, 2021

Accepted: Jun 12, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2021-0013

Keywordstannery wastewater, chromium (VI), total chromium, flora

© 2021 Sylvia E. Benjamin et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
tannery wastewater, chromium (VI), total chromium, flora