Is Smoking an Unfavorable Prognostic Factor for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

1. Gabriel S. (2001). Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases. In Ruddy S., Harris E., Sledge C., editors. Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatology. Vol.1. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: W. B. Saunders Company; 2011. pp. 321-333.Search in Google Scholar

2. Padyukov L, Silva C, Stolt P, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L. A gene-environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(10):3085-92.10.1002/art.2055315476204Search in Google Scholar

3. Makrygiannakis D, Hermansson M, Ulfgren AK, Nicholas AP, Zendman AJ, Eklund A, et al. Smoking increases peptidylarginine deiminase 2 enzyme expression in human lungs and increases citrullination in BAL cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(10):1488-92.10.1136/ard.2007.07519218413445Search in Google Scholar

4. Reynisdottir G, Karimi R, Joshua V, Olsen H, Hensvold AH, Harju A, et al. Structural changes and antibody enrichment in the lungs are early features of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(1):31-9.10.1002/art.3820124449573Search in Google Scholar

5. Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, Kallberg H, Bengtsson C, Grunewald J, et al. A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(1):38-46.10.1002/art.2157516385494Search in Google Scholar

6. McDonagh JE, Walker DJ. Smoking and rheumatoid arthritis--observations from a multicase family study: comment on the article by Silman et al. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(3):594.10.1002/art.17804003359082956Search in Google Scholar

7. Uhlig T, Hagen KB, Kvien TK. Current tobacco smoking, formal education, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(1):47-54.Search in Google Scholar

8. ***. Ghiduri de tratamente biologice in reumatologie (Supliment al Revistei Romane de Reumatologie): Editura Medicala Amaltea; 2015.Search in Google Scholar

9. Doran MF, Pond GR, Crowson CS, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Trends in incidence and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota, over a forty-year period. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(3):625-31.10.1002/art.50911920397Search in Google Scholar

10. Song YW, Kang EH. Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: rheumatoid factors and anticitrullinated protein antibodies. QJM. 2010;103(3):139-46.10.1093/qjmed/hcp165282538419926660Search in Google Scholar

11. Sahatciu-Meka V, Rexhepi S, Manxhuka-Kerliu S, Rexhepi M. Extra-articular manifestations of seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2010;10(1):26-31.10.17305/bjbms.2010.2729559660720192927Search in Google Scholar

12. Ruiz-Esquide V, Gomez-Puerta JA, Canete JD, Graell E, Vazquez I, Ercilla MG, et al. Effects of smoking on disease activity and radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(12):2536-9.10.3899/jrheum.11041022045838Search in Google Scholar

13. Deane KD, O’Donnell CI, Hueber W, Majka DS, Lazar AA, Derber LA, et al. The number of elevated cytokines and chemokines in preclinical seropositive rheumatoid arthritis predicts time to diagnosis in an age-dependent manner. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(11):3161-72.10.1002/art.27638298082420597112Search in Google Scholar

14. Nielen MM, van Schaardenburg D, Reesink HW, van de Stadt RJ, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, de Koning MH, et al. Specific autoantibodies precede the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: a study of serial measurements in blood donors. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(2):380-6.10.1002/art.2001814872479Search in Google Scholar

15. Manfredsdottir VF, Vikingsdottir T, Jonsson T, Geirsson AJ, Kjartansson O, Heimisdottir M, et al. The effects of tobacco smoking and rheumatoid factor seropositivity on disease activity and joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(6):734-40.10.1093/rheumatology/kei24016403829Search in Google Scholar

16. Nyhäll-Wåhlin B-M, Jacobsson LTH, Petersson IF, Turesson C. Smoking is a strong risk factor for rheumatoid nodules in early rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;65:601-6.10.1136/ard.2005.039172179813716166104Search in Google Scholar

17. Nagai S, Hoshino Y, Hayashi M, Ito I. Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2000;6(5):415-9.10.1097/00063198-200009000-0000510958232Search in Google Scholar

18. Papadopoulos NG, Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Epagelis EK, Tsifetaki N, Drosos AA. Does cigarette smoking influence disease expression, activity and severity in early rheumatoid arthritis patients? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23(6):861-6.Search in Google Scholar