<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>The application of force to bone has been shown to produce a change in its shape or morphology. This paper reviews the literature relating to the principles of such force application by extra-oral appliances to the maxilla and mandible both in animals and humans. The significance of direction of force, amount of force, and timing of force application is stressed. Studies of craniofacial changes associated with the use of face-bows and cervical straps in orthodontic treatment are closely examined. The post-treatment changes, after the extra-oral forces have been discontinued, are also discussed.</p>
</abstract>

The application of force to bone has been shown to produce a change in its shape or morphology. This paper reviews the literature relating to the principles of such force application by extra-oral appliances to the maxilla and mandible both in animals and humans. The significance of direction of force, amount of force, and timing of force application is stressed. Studies of craniofacial changes associated with the use of face-bows and cervical straps in orthodontic treatment are closely examined. The post-treatment changes, after the extra-oral forces have been discontinued, are also discussed.

The effect of extra-oral traction : a review

Australasian Orthodontic Journal

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

{"article-title":"The effect of extra-oral traction : a review"}

The application of force to bone has been shown to produce a change in its shape or morphology. This paper reviews the literature relating to the principles of...

The effect of extra-oral traction : a review

Published Online: Jan 24, 2024

Page range: 123 - 128

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-1982-0003

Keywords
Extra-oral traction, headgear, chin-cup

© 1982 Susan Howell, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The effect of extra-oral traction : a review

Published Online: Jan 24, 2024

Page range: 123 - 128

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoj-1982-0003

KeywordsExtra-oral traction, headgear, chin-cup

© 1982 Susan Howell, published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
Extra-oral traction, headgear, chin-cup