Prospects and application of solid-state fermentation in animal feed production – a review

Animal feed production has recently received significant attention in the food and livestock sectors due to its high nutritional value and substantial environmental potential. Extensive studies have been conceded to explore the effects of solid fermented feeds on different growth stages of animals but also on the health status of animals, the quality of animal products, and the composition of intestinal microflora to replace non-fermented feed production. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date existing trends, recent developments, and prospects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) practices for the production of animal feeds. Studies on enhancing nutritional factors by increasing the crude protein content, enzymes, and antioxidant activity of feed using physical processing methods on agro-industrial waste such as rapeseed meal, cottonseed, wheat bran, soybean meal, and legumes by mainly SSF are reviewed and discussed thoroughly.