<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Rosmarinic acid (RS) and <italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</italic> (LR) were added singularly or in combination to rainbow trout (<italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</italic>) diets to test their efficacy in the protection against ammonia stress. Fish (31.4±0.6 g) were randomly allocated to six groups in three replicates, as follows: T1: basic food as control, T2: LR with a concentration of 1.5 × 108 CFU /g, T3: LR with a concentration of 3 × 108 CFU/g, T4: 1 g RS/kg, T5: 3 g RS/kg, and T6: 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR + 1 g RS/kg and T7: 3 × 108 CFU/g LR + 3 g RS/kg. After 60 days feeding, fish were exposed to ammonia stress. After the feeding period, the supplemented fish had the highest final body weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared with the control group (P&lt;0.05). Amylase, protease and lipase activities were noticed markedly higher in fish supplemented with 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR + 1 g RS/kg and 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR diets compared to the control (P&lt;0.05). Generally, fish in supplemented diets, particularly T2 and T6 groups, had the highest lysozyme, alternative complement activity (ACH50), total Ig, nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), complement component 3 (C3), complement component 4 (C4), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx). On the other hand, T2 and T6 groups had the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA), glucose, and cortisol concentrations as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels when compared with the control (P&lt;0.05). After ammonia stress, fish in the supplemented groups, particularly T2 and T6, generally showed significantly higher values of lysozyme, ACH50, total Ig, NBT, MPO, C3, C4, SOD, CAT, GPx and lower levels of MDA, glucose, cortisol, ALT, ALP, LDH when compared with the control (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, a combined administration of RS and <italic>L. rhamnosus</italic> effectively improved growth performance and health status as well as enhanced the resistance of rainbow trout against ammonia toxicity.
</abstract>

Rosmarinic acid (RS) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) were added singularly or in combination to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets to test their efficacy in the protection against ammonia stress. Fish (31.4±0.6 g) were randomly allocated to six groups in three replicates, as follows: T1: basic food as control, T2: LR with a concentration of 1.5 × 108 CFU /g, T3: LR with a concentration of 3 × 108 CFU/g, T4: 1 g RS/kg, T5: 3 g RS/kg, and T6: 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR + 1 g RS/kg and T7: 3 × 108 CFU/g LR + 3 g RS/kg. After 60 days feeding, fish were exposed to ammonia stress. After the feeding period, the supplemented fish had the highest final body weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared with the control group (P<0.05). Amylase, protease and lipase activities were noticed markedly higher in fish supplemented with 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR + 1 g RS/kg and 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR diets compared to the control (P<0.05). Generally, fish in supplemented diets, particularly T2 and T6 groups, had the highest lysozyme, alternative complement activity (ACH50), total Ig, nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), complement component 3 (C3), complement component 4 (C4), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx). On the other hand, T2 and T6 groups had the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA), glucose, and cortisol concentrations as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels when compared with the control (P<0.05). After ammonia stress, fish in the supplemented groups, particularly T2 and T6, generally showed significantly higher values of lysozyme, ACH50, total Ig, NBT, MPO, C3, C4, SOD, CAT, GPx and lower levels of MDA, glucose, cortisol, ALT, ALP, LDH when compared with the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, a combined administration of RS and L. rhamnosus effectively improved growth performance and health status as well as enhanced the resistance of rainbow trout against ammonia toxicity.

Rosmarinic acid alone or in combination with <italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</italic> ameliorated resistance to ammonia stress in the rainbow trout, <italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</italic>: growth, immunity, antioxidant defense and liver functions

Department of Fisheries Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources

Annals of Animal Science

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Rosmarinic acid alone or in combination with  ameliorated resistance to ammonia stress in the rainbow trout, : growth, immunity, antioxidant defense and liver functions

Rosmarinic acid (RS) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) were added singularly or in combination to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets to test their...

Rosmarinic acid alone or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ameliorated resistance to ammonia stress in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: growth, immunity, antioxidant defense and liver functions

Published Online: Jul 26, 2023

Page range: 819 - 831

Received: Oct 23, 2022

Accepted: Feb 20, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2023-0024

Keywords
rosmarinic acid, probiotic, immunity, fish, ammonia stress

© 2023 Saeed Hajirezaee et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Rosmarinic acid alone or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ameliorated resistance to ammonia stress in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: growth, immunity, antioxidant defense and liver functions

Published Online: Jul 26, 2023

Page range: 819 - 831

Received: Oct 23, 2022

Accepted: Feb 20, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2023-0024

Keywordsrosmarinic acid, probiotic, immunity, fish, ammonia stress

© 2023 Saeed Hajirezaee et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
rosmarinic acid, probiotic, immunity, fish, ammonia stress