<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most common neoplasm in bitches, and it shares many biological similarities with breast cancer in humans. Drug resistance, high epigenetic mutations, and relapse rates are among the challenges which eventually urge the need for a veterinary oncologist to discover new therapeutic approaches that are more effective and safer. Therefore, in this review, we also cover the current therapeutic strategies from human medicine for the future perspectives of tumor immunotherapy in veterinary medicine. These strategies have great potential to be employed as therapeutic or prophylactic options due to their ability to modulate a specific and potent immune response against CMC. As we acquire a better understanding of canine tumor immunology, we can move towards a brighter prognosis. Additionally, we report on the recent successful studies in breast cancer that may benefit canines as well.</p>
</abstract>

Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most common neoplasm in bitches, and it shares many biological similarities with breast cancer in humans. Drug resistance, high epigenetic mutations, and relapse rates are among the challenges which eventually urge the need for a veterinary oncologist to discover new therapeutic approaches that are more effective and safer. Therefore, in this review, we also cover the current therapeutic strategies from human medicine for the future perspectives of tumor immunotherapy in veterinary medicine. These strategies have great potential to be employed as therapeutic or prophylactic options due to their ability to modulate a specific and potent immune response against CMC. As we acquire a better understanding of canine tumor immunology, we can move towards a brighter prognosis. Additionally, we report on the recent successful studies in breast cancer that may benefit canines as well.

Canine mammary carcinoma: current therapeutic targets and future perspectives – a review

Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Kuala Lumpur Campus

Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences

Universiti Sains Malaysia (Health Campus)

Annals of Animal Science

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most common neoplasm in bitches, and it shares many biological similarities with breast cancer in humans. Drug...

Canine mammary carcinoma: current therapeutic targets and future perspectives – a review

Published Online: Jul 26, 2023

Page range: 703 - 716

Received: Aug 08, 2022

Accepted: Nov 10, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2022-0085

Keywords
canine, mammary gland tumor, immunotherapy, neoplasm

© 2023 Muhammad Luqman Nordin et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Canine mammary carcinoma: current therapeutic targets and future perspectives – a review

Published Online: Jul 26, 2023

Page range: 703 - 716

Received: Aug 08, 2022

Accepted: Nov 10, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2022-0085

Keywordscanine, mammary gland tumor, immunotherapy, neoplasm

© 2023 Muhammad Luqman Nordin et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
canine, mammary gland tumor, immunotherapy, neoplasm