pDCs |
CD11clow, SIGLECH+, CD135+, CD4hi, MHC-IIlow, LY6C+, B220+, PDCA-1+, DNGR-1low, IRF8hi, and IL3Rhi |
TCF4, BCL11a, RUNX1, SPIB, and IRF-8 |
Mediate antiviral immune response, autoimmune disease, and secrete type-1 interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) and IL-6 |
Shortman et al. (2013), Poltorak and Schraml (2015), Tian et al. (2017), and Anderson et al. (2021) |
cDC1 |
CD11c+, MHC-II+, CD135+, CD24+, ZBTB46+, CD8α±, CD205+, XCR1+, and DNGR-1+ |
ID-2, BATF3, IRF8, and NFIL3 |
Cross-present exogenous antigen to CD8+ CTLs |
Shortman and Naik (2007), Poltorak and Schraml (2015), Pakalniškytė and Schraml (2017), Tian et al. (2017), and Anderson et al. (2021) |
cDC2 |
CD11b+, MHC-II+, CD135+, ZBTB46+, CD24±, IRF4hi, and CD8α |
IRF4, RELB, RBPT, PU.1, NOTCH2, and KLF4 |
Heterogeneous in function (promotes Th17 differentiation in lungs and intestine/Th2 response against viral infections). |
Shortman and Naik (2007), Poltorak and Schraml (2015), Pakalniškytė and Schraml (2017), Tian et al. (2017), Anderson et al. (2021), and Wei et al. (2021) |
MoDCs |
MS4a3+, CD11chi, CD40low, CD80/86low, and HLA-DR+ |
IRF4 |
Facilitates cDC1 to fight against infections and inflammation |
Domínguez and Ardavín (2010), Poltorak and Schraml (2015), Tian et al. (2017), Tang-Huau and Segura (2019), and Anderson et al. (2021) |
LCs |
MAFB+, CD1a+, and CD207+ |
RUNX3, ID2, and IRF8 |
Induce humoral immunity and present antigens to T cells |
Kaplan (2010), Poltorak and Schraml (2015), Collin and Milne (2016), Tian et al. (2017), and Anderson et al. (2021) |
mDCs |
CD83+, CD80hi, CD40hi, and MHC-II+, |
ND |
Produce IFN-γ, TNF-γ, and IL-15. Promote low NK cell proliferation |
Peters et al. (1993), Lutz and Schuler (2002), Jeras et al. (2005), Bachy et al. (2008), and Hopkins and Connolly (2012) |
imDCs |
CD83−, SIGN+, CD209+ |
ND |
Promote angiogenesis and tolerogenic environment in decidua |
Gardner and Moffett (2003), Kämmerer et al. (2003), and Kwan et al. (2014) |
Circulatory DCs |
ND |
ND |
Present antigens to T cells and induce humoral response |
Merad et al. (2013) and Boltjes and Van Wijk (2014) |
Migratory DCs |
ND |
ND |
Present antigens to T cells |
Broggi et al. (2013) |
Resident DCs |
ND |
ND |
Promote negative selection of T cells and present antigens to CD4+ T cells |
Taglauer et al. (2010) and Zhou and Wu (2017) |
Tolerogenic DCs |
CD80+, and CD86+ |
ND |
Induce tolerance, Treg differentiation, and reduce T cell proliferation |
Smits et al. (2005) and Hubo et al. (2013), Domogalla et al. (2017), and Takenaka and Quintana (2017) |
Inflammatory DCs |
HLA-DRhi, CD11chi, BDCA1+, CD1a+, CD14+, CD172a+, MHC-IIhi, LY6C, FCERI, CD64+, CD107b, CD115, F4/80+ |
CCR2, and GM-CSF |
Secrete IL-12, -23, -1a, and -1b, which in turn induce Th1 and Th2 response; play critical role in microbial infections |
Butts et al. (2007), Poltorak and Schraml. (2015), and Balan et al. (2019) |