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New psychoactive and classic substances in pooled urine samples collected at the Ultra Europe festival in Split, Croatia

Davorka Sutlović
Davorka Sutlović
, 
Sendi Kuret
Sendi Kuret
 and 
Marija Definis
Marija Definis
   | Sep 28, 2021
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Article Category: Original article
Published Online: Sep 28, 2021
Page range: 198 - 204
Received: Nov 01, 2020
Accepted: Sep 01, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3509
© 2021 Davorka Sutlović, Sendi Kuret, and Marija Definis, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the sampled chemical toilets during the Split Ultra music festival in 2016 (A), 2017 (B), and 2018 (C)
Location of the sampled chemical toilets during the Split Ultra music festival in 2016 (A), 2017 (B), and 2018 (C)

Figure 2

Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from 2016 to 2018 by sampling site (chemical toilet). 1a to 4a – samples taken from the toilet without added chemicals. NPS – new psychoactive substances
Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from 2016 to 2018 by sampling site (chemical toilet). 1a to 4a – samples taken from the toilet without added chemicals. NPS – new psychoactive substances

Figure 3

Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from 2016 to 2018 by festival day. NPS – new psychoactive substances
Number of classic and NPS drugs identified in urine samples during the Split Ultra music festival from 2016 to 2018 by festival day. NPS – new psychoactive substances

Compounds detected in 18 pooled urine samples at the Split Ultra music festival in 2016 and 2017 by festival days

Group Substances Substance class 2016 2017
Day Day
1 2 3 1 2 3
Classic (25) Nicotine Stimulant + + + + + +
Cotinine Stimulant + + + + + +
Theobromine Stimulant + + + + + +
Caffeine Stimulant + + + + + +
Amphetamine Stimulant + +
MDEA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine) Stimulant + +
HMMA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-methamphetamine) Stimulant +
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) Stimulant + + + + +
MDDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N, N-dimethylamphetamine) Stimulant + +
3,4-MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) Stimulant + + + +
pMMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) Stimulant +
Propylhexedrine Stimulant + + + +
Cocaine Stimulant + +
Ecgonine methyl estere Stimulant + + +
Cocaethylene Stimulant +
Butabarbital Hypnotic + +
Pentobarbital Hypnotic + + +
D9-THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) Hallucinogen + +
Methadone Opiate + + +
Oxymorphone Opioid analgesic +
Tramadol Opioid analgesic + +
Phenacetine Analgesic +
Benzocaine Local anesthetic +
Paracetamol Antipyretic + + + + + +
Ibuprofen Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug + + + + + +
NPS (19) Bk-MPA (β-keto-methiopropamine) Cathinone + +
3,4-dimethylmethcathinone Cathinone + + + +
3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone Cathinone +
Methedrone Cathinone +
Mephedrone Cathinone + +
Methylone Cathinone +
Buphedrone Cathinone +
Phenetylamine Phenethylamine + +
3-fluoromethamphetamine Phenethylamine + +
4-fluoromethamphetamine Phenethylamine + + +
Bk-MBDB (β-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine) metabolite 3-OH-4-MeO Phenethylamine + +
N-ethyl-N-hexylamphetamine Phenethylamine + + +
N-hexyl, N-methylbezylamine Phenethylamine + +
Ketamine Anesthetic +
1-benzylpiperazine Piperazine + +
5 MeO DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) Tryptamine + +
Psilocin Tryptamine alkaloid +
N-ethyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine Hallucinogen +
Salvinorin A Hallucinogen +

Compounds detected in 12 pooled urine samples at the Split Ultra music festival in 2018 by festival days

Group Substances Substance class Day
1 2
Sample
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Classic (14) Nicotine Stimulant + + + + + + + + + + + +
Cotinine Stimulant + + + + + + + + + + + +
Theobromine Stimulant + + + + + + + + + + + +
Caffeine Stimulant + + + + + + + + + + + +
HMMA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-methamphetamine) Stimulant + + +
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) Stimulant + + +
MDDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine) Stimulant +
3,4-MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) Stimulant +
Cocaine Stimulant + + + + + +
Ecgonine methyl ester Stimulant + + + + +
Cocaethylene Stimulant +
Mepivacaine anaesthetic Local + +
Paracetamol Antipyretic +
Ibuprofen Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug + + + + + + + + + +
NPS (2) Methcathinone Cathinone + + + + +
4-fluorometh-amphetamine Phenethy1amine +

Location and time of urine sampling at the Split Ultra festival by day

2016 Day 1 Friday/Saturday Day 2 Saturday/Sunday (13 pm – 5 am) Day 3 Sunday/Monday (17 pm – 5 am)
Collection time 1 am 2 pm 6 am 6 am
Location 1 sample 1a sample 2a sample 3a sample 4a
Location 2 sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4
2017 Day 1 Friday/Saturday (5 pm – 5 am) Day 2 Saturday/Sunday (5 pm – 5 am) Day 3 Sunday/Monday (5 pm – 5 am)
Collection time 2 am 2 am 2 am
Location 1 sample 1 sample 5 sample 8
Location 2 sample 2 sample 6 sample 9
Location 3 sample 3 sample 7 sample 10
sample 4
2018 Day 1 Friday/Saturday Day 2 Saturday/Sunday
Collection time 4 am 4 am
Location 1 samples 1, 2, 3 -
Location 2 samples 4, 5 samples 7, 8, 9
Location 3 sample 6 samples 10, 11
Location 4 - sample 12
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