<trans-abstract xml:lang="hr" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Preventivne strategije za COVID-19 infekciju u kućanstvima, javnim i radnim prostorima uključuju redovitu uporabu biocidnih proizvoda – dezinficijensa za površine i za kožu šaka. Analizirali smo pozive zaprimljene u hrvatskom Centru za kontrolu otrovanja vezane uz sumnju na otrovanja, odnosno simptomatska otrovanja dezinficijensima. Cilj studije bio je usporediti broj i karakteristike tih poziva, zaprimljenih u prvih šest mjeseci u 2019. i u 2020. godini, kako bi se procijenio utjecaj COVID-19 pandemije. Broj slučajeva izloženosti dezinficijensima za površine udvostručio se u prvih šest mjeseci u 2020. u odnosu na 2019. godinu (41 vs 21 slučaj), a izloženost dezinficijensima za šake povećala se oko devet puta (46 vs 5 slučajeva). U 2020. godini najčešći sastojci dezinficijensa za površine i šake uključeni u slučajeve otrovanja bili su hipoklorit/glutaraldehid, odnosno etanol/izopropilni alkohol. Izloženost dezinficijensima za površine zabilježena je najčešće u odraslih osoba (56 %), kao slučajna izloženost (78 %) ingestijom ili inhalacijom (86 %), s blagim simptomima (iritacija gastrointestinalnoga ili respiratornoga sustava) u 46 % i teškim otrovanjem (korozivna ozljeda gastrointestinalnoga sustava) u samo jednom slučaju. Izloženost dezinficijensima za šake zabilježena je najčešće u predškolske djece (70 %), kao slučajna izloženost (98 %) ingestijom (93 %), s razvojem blagih simptoma (iritacija gastrointestinalnoga sustava ili oka) u samo 30 % slučajeva. Zaključno, povećana dostupnost i uporaba dezinficijensa za površine i šake u Hrvatskoj tijekom COVID-19 pandemije dovela je do značajnog povećanja broja potencijalno toksičnih izloženosti, naročito slučajnih ingestija dezinficijensa za šake u predškolske djece. Osnovne mjere prevencije toksičnih učinaka biocida trebaju biti uključene u epidemiološke preporuke za prevenciju COVID-19 infekcije.</p>
</trans-abstract>

Preventivne strategije za COVID-19 infekciju u kućanstvima, javnim i radnim prostorima uključuju redovitu uporabu biocidnih proizvoda – dezinficijensa za površine i za kožu šaka. Analizirali smo pozive zaprimljene u hrvatskom Centru za kontrolu otrovanja vezane uz sumnju na otrovanja, odnosno simptomatska otrovanja dezinficijensima. Cilj studije bio je usporediti broj i karakteristike tih poziva, zaprimljenih u prvih šest mjeseci u 2019. i u 2020. godini, kako bi se procijenio utjecaj COVID-19 pandemije. Broj slučajeva izloženosti dezinficijensima za površine udvostručio se u prvih šest mjeseci u 2020. u odnosu na 2019. godinu (41 vs 21 slučaj), a izloženost dezinficijensima za šake povećala se oko devet puta (46 vs 5 slučajeva). U 2020. godini najčešći sastojci dezinficijensa za površine i šake uključeni u slučajeve otrovanja bili su hipoklorit/glutaraldehid, odnosno etanol/izopropilni alkohol. Izloženost dezinficijensima za površine zabilježena je najčešće u odraslih osoba (56 %), kao slučajna izloženost (78 %) ingestijom ili inhalacijom (86 %), s blagim simptomima (iritacija gastrointestinalnoga ili respiratornoga sustava) u 46 % i teškim otrovanjem (korozivna ozljeda gastrointestinalnoga sustava) u samo jednom slučaju. Izloženost dezinficijensima za šake zabilježena je najčešće u predškolske djece (70 %), kao slučajna izloženost (98 %) ingestijom (93 %), s razvojem blagih simptoma (iritacija gastrointestinalnoga sustava ili oka) u samo 30 % slučajeva. Zaključno, povećana dostupnost i uporaba dezinficijensa za površine i šake u Hrvatskoj tijekom COVID-19 pandemije dovela je do značajnog povećanja broja potencijalno toksičnih izloženosti, naročito slučajnih ingestija dezinficijensa za šake u predškolske djece. Osnovne mjere prevencije toksičnih učinaka biocida trebaju biti uključene u epidemiološke preporuke za prevenciju COVID-19 infekcije.


<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<p>Prevention against COVID-19 infection in households includes regular use of biocidal agents, more specifically surface disinfectants and hand sanitisers (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_001">1</a>, <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_002">2</a>), and regulatory bodies are under increasing pressure to authorise ever more disinfecting and sanitising products. In the first five months of 2020, the Croatian Ministry of Health authorised marketing of 119 hand and 79 surface disinfectants labelled as biocidal products for human hygiene (Product Type 1, PT1) and surface disinfection (PT2) according to the Regulation (EU) 528/2012 (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_003">3</a>) as opposed to only 14 hand and 71 surface disinfectants approved in 2019 (direct communication with the Ministry). This raises concern that their increased availability and (mis)use can have adverse health effects.</p>
<p>The aim of our preliminary study was to establish if this concern is real. To that effect we relied on actual reports to our Croatian Poison Control Centre (CPCC), which provides consultation services to physicians and general public who report any kind of exposure to toxic agents and suspected or symptomatic poisoning.</p>
<sec id="j_aiht-2020-71-3470_s_001"><div>Methods</div>
<p>We analysed all records of telephone consultations at the CPCC related to suspected and symptomatic poisonings with disinfectants and sanitisers and compared their frequency in the first six months of 2019 and 2020. For products whose trade name was reported, we consulted the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) registry of the Croatian Institute for Public Health (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_004">4</a>) to get more information about biocidal product type (PT), ingredients, and labelling.</p>
<p>Private patient information was partly protected by the fact that calls to CPCC are generally anonymous. To protect it further, we present group averages only and do not describe individual cases.</p>
<sec id="j_aiht-2020-71-3470_s_001_s_001"><div>Statistical analysis</div>
<p>Data were analysed with descriptive statistics and chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test to compare records from 2019 and 2020. Associations were considered statistically significant if P was &lt;0.05. All analyses were run with the RStudio statistical software (Boston, MA, USA) (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_005">5</a>).</p>
</sec></sec>
<sec id="j_aiht-2020-71-3470_s_002"><div>Results and discussion</div>
<p>Only a small percentage of consultations in both years was related to exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitisers. In the first half of 2019, they made only 1.8 % (N=21) and 0.4 % (N=5) for disinfectants and hand sanitisers, respectively, of the total of 1165 consultations. Even though the number of all consultations – 1206 in total – did not rise much over the first half of 2020, the percentage of those involving disinfectants and hand sanitisers soared to 3.4 % (N=41) and 3.8 % (46) (<a ref-type="fig" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_fig_001">Figure 1</a>). Differences are significant: P=0.015 for disinfectants and as high as P&lt;0.001 for hand sanitisers.</p>
<figure id="j_aiht-2020-71-3470_fig_001" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Figure 1</h2>
<figCaption><p>Number of cases involving surface disinfectants and hand sanitisers reported to CPCC in the first half of 2019 and 2020</p></figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_aiht-2020-71-3470_fig_001.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64708df871e4585e08a9fe5e/j_aiht-2020-71-3470_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240711T141638Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240711%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=083fd6b7084495bf076fbe4220802cb2536f511716006e6e204216ea919f36e2" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
<p>Regarding the type of products, trade names of disinfectants were provided in 27 (66 %) cases in 2020. Our MSDS search showed that 18 of these were labelled as corrosives that may cause severe damage to skin, eyes, or mucous membranes through contact, ingestion, or inhalation. More importantly, only 14 were authorised for use by the general public. The most common active ingredients in these products were hypochlorites in concentrations &lt;5 %. The remaining 13 of the 27 known disinfectants were various products for use in healthcare facilities, veterinary hygiene, food industry, catering services, etc. The most common active ingredients in these products were strong corrosives used in much higher concentrations: quaternary ammonium compounds (concentration 10 %), glutaraldehyde (concentration 5–10 %), and benzalconium chloride (concentration 10–15 %).</p>
<p>As for hand sanitisers, trade names were provided in 20 cases in 2020. The most common active ingredients in them, according to the MSDS, were ethanol (concentration 70–80 %), isopropyl alcohol (concentration 10–100 %), and chlorhexidine (concentration &lt;5 %), which are all skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritants with a potential for systemic alcohol intoxication.</p>
<p>In 2020, we identified one important difference in the pattern of exposure between disinfectants and hand sanitisers (<a ref-type="table" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_tab_001">Table 1</a>). Namely, exposure to disinfectants was most common in adults whereas exposure to hand sanitisers was most common in preschool children, which suggests that hand sanitisers should not be as readily available to children as they are at the moment. Fortunately, most callers reported no or mild symptoms (gastrointestinal, respiratory, or eye irritation) but were worried that these might develop later on. The only case of severe accidental poisoning (corrosive injuries of gastrointestinal tract) was reported for an adult who drank a disinfectant brought home from the workplace.</p>
<table-wrap id="j_aiht-2020-71-3470_tab_001" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Differences in the pattern of exposure to surface disinfectants and hand sanitisers (data reported to CPCC from 1 January to 30 June 2020)</p></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead><tr><th align="center"></th>
<th align="center">Surface disinfectants (N=41)</th>
<th align="center">Hand sanitisers (N=46)</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td align="left"><bold>Age groups*</bold>:</td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Young children (0–5 years)</td>
<td align="center">16 (39 %)</td>
<td align="center">32 (70 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">School children (6–11 years)</td>
<td align="center">2 (5 %)</td>
<td align="center">3 (6 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Adults (≥18 years)</td>
<td align="center">23 (56 %)</td>
<td align="center">11 (24 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><bold>Route of exposure</bold>:</td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Ingestion</td>
<td align="center">27 (66 %)</td>
<td align="center">43 (93 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Inhalation</td>
<td align="center">8 (20 %)</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Skin</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
<td align="center">1 (2 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Eye</td>
<td align="center">2 (5 %)</td>
<td align="center">2 (4 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Nasal mucosa</td>
<td align="center">1 (2 %)</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Combination**</td>
<td align="center">3 (7 %)</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><bold>Circumstances of exposure</bold>:</td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Accidental exposure</td>
<td align="center">32 (78 %)</td>
<td align="center">45 (98 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Attempted suicide</td>
<td align="center">1 (2 %)</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Substance abuse</td>
<td align="center">2 (5 %)</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Psychiatric disorder</td>
<td align="center">1 (2 %)</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">At work</td>
<td align="center">5 (12 %)</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Other</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
<td align="center">1 (2 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><bold>Symptoms at the time of CPCC call</bold>:</td>
<td align="center"></td>
<td align="center"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">None</td>
<td align="center">21 (51 %)</td>
<td align="center">32 (70 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Mild***</td>
<td align="center">19 (46 %)</td>
<td align="center">14 (30 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Severe****</td>
<td align="center">1 (2 %)</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn-group>
<fn id="j_aiht-2020-71-3470_tfn_001"><p>* No cases reported among adolescents; ** One case of each combination: ingestion + inhalation, ingestion + skin, and inhalation + skin; *** gastrointestinal, respiratory, or eye irritation; **** corrosive injury of gastrointestinal tract</p></fn>
</fn-group>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>Patterns of exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitisers did not differ significantly between 2019 and 2020 (data not shown), save for an increase in occupational exposure to disinfectants from none in 2019 to 5 in 2020.</p>
<p>Our findings are similar to a recent US report (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_006">6</a>). Even though such exposures rarely involve severe (life-threatening) symptoms and clinical outcomes (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_007">7</a>), cases of ethanol poisoning with hand sanitisers in children call for alert (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_008">8</a>, <a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_009">9</a>). This may be related to poor regulatory control and omission of warning on product labels. A case in point is methanol poisoning with alcohol-based hand sanitisers (accidental or intentional) reported by Chan and Chan (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_010">10</a>). Fortunately, methanol is banned from biocidal products in Croatia, and we did not record any such cases. The issue, however, remains that labels should be more clear and warn against excessive or improper use of these products. With that in mind, CPCC has published guidelines for the general public with basic advice for prevention of toxic effects caused by disinfectants and hand sanitisers in households (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_aiht-2020-71-3470_ref_011">11</a>). Similar warnings should make part of other, mostly epidemiological, recommendations for COVID-19 prevention. Furthermore, labelling, packaging, and availability of biocidal products should be controlled better to improve safe use, especially at home.</p>
<p>Even though our sample was small and study design limited, this preliminary report clearly shows that the risk of poisoning with disinfection products has increased and that the threat is real. It has also raised other issues (preschool children as vulnerable population, circumstances and severity of poisoning, implementation and effects of preventive measures, including child-resistant containers), which should be addressed by a broad epidemiological study.</p>
</sec>
</div>

Toxicological aspects of increased use of surface and hand disinfectants in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a preliminary report

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Toksikološki aspekti povećane uporabe dezinficijensa u Hrvatskoj za vrijeme COVID-19 pandemije: preliminarno istraživanje

Preventivne strategije za COVID-19 infekciju u kućanstvima, javnim i radnim prostorima uključuju redovitu uporabu biocidnih proizvoda – dezinficijensa za...

Toxicological aspects of increased use of surface and hand disinfectants in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a preliminary report

Article Category: Original article (short communication)

Published Online: Oct 06, 2020

Page range: 261 - 264

Received: Jul 01, 2020

Accepted: Aug 01, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3470

Keywords
corrosive injury, ethanol, hand sanitisers, hypochlorite, preschool children

© 2020 Željka Babić et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Toxicological aspects of increased use of surface and hand disinfectants in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a preliminary report

Article Category: Original article (short communication)

Published Online: Oct 06, 2020

Page range: 261 - 264

Received: Jul 01, 2020

Accepted: Aug 01, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3470

Keywordscorrosive injury, ethanol, hand sanitisers, hypochlorite, preschool children

© 2020 Željka Babić et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Keywords
corrosive injury, ethanol, hand sanitisers, hypochlorite, preschool children